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62 Cards in this Set
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Creoles |
-Refers to those born of primarily/mixed European descent |
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Peninsulares |
-Spanish born rulers to help expand trade, so you can trade between ports -Instituted taxes and extractive forces -Part of an effort for colonial powers to streamline the administration of the colony, significant political reform |
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Túpac Amaru |
-Great Rebellion of 1780, idea to restore authority to the King (PERU), Tupac Katarí takes over after -Defending the idea that Creoles are denying the indigenous people's rights that were given by the King of Spain -40-60 thousand followers (RURAL). Destroyed Creole property illustrated the dangers in mobilizing indigenous people against the Peninsulares -result of Bourbon reforms -wanted a fusion of modern Spanish power with older concepts of monarchy |
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Bourbon Reforms |
-Occurred in the 18th century/1760's introduced by the Spanish Crown -political reorganization streamlined political power giving more power to the Crown (peninsular) rather than the Creoles -increased sales taxes (alcohol) -Created tension and resulted in an economic crisis |
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Simón Bolívar |
-Creole revolutionary, used nativism as a basis to create resentment of foreigner, liberal ideology of the people -Wrote War to the Death (1813) illustrating the need to destroy the Spaniards -Early defeat of patriot forces by the royalist llaneros -Revolution based on identity politics not liberal ideals. Remained patriarchal despite women's contributions to revolution efforts |
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Toussant L'Oueverture |
-free black leader of the Haitian Revolution, military general, helped created Haiti's first constitution -1794 French Republic abolishes slavery, declared all formerly enslaved French citizens -1799 Louverture wrote a new constitution for Saint-Domingue, required slaves to still work on slave plantations -1802 forced to resign, imprisioned by Leclerc, died in prison |
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Haitian Revolution |
-(1791-1804) -1789 French Revolution, 1791 Slave Insurrection, 1794 French citizenship declared for all , 1799 Napoleon takes over in France, 1805 Jean-Jacques fights Napoleon and declres Haiti "avengers of the New World" -due to the expansion of slavery, inspired slave insurgencies, illustrated their capacity to organize and fight |
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Age of Revoltuion |
-1770-1840's -Revolutions occurring around the world, development of fundamental principles of democracy, republics, etc. -US Revolution: 1776, French Revolution: 1784, Haitian Revolution: 1791-1804 |
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Population of Haiti |
-1789 Four Major Social Groups -poor whites (5% of population) -wealthy white planters -slaves (90% of population) (2/3 individuals from Africa) -Creoles (American born) -Free Blacks (Property/slave owners) (5% of population, %50 of free people) |
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San Domingue |
-previous to Revolution produced %40 of Europe's sugar and %60 of coffee. -wealth created a new bourgeois class in France -more wealth than all of Spanish America -site of hyper slavery, each year 5-10% of population died, 1/3 or 1/2 of slaves died within 3 years of arrival |
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Free people of color |
-wanted full citizenship and equal rights with whites |
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Poor Whites (Petits blancs) |
wanted to end high tariffs, interest rates, and to maintain discriminatory laws |
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White planters |
wanted self government, free trade with North America, no regulations on slave treatment, and the ability to represent San Domingue in Parliament |
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Haitian Revolution Slave Revolts |
upper tier slaves started rebellion, took Northern Plain (23/27 parishes in flames) Whites joined forces, but mostly creole slaves among Africans |
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Significance of Haitian Revolution |
-only successful slave revolt to establish an independent nation -second republic in the Americas -end of Haitian plantation society led to other colonies to tighten controls on slaves to increase sugar production -Napoleon's defeat led him to sell the Louisiana Purchase, increasing US Southern plantation slavery -generated fear among elites in other colonies |
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Julien Raimond |
-free black, defining of race and mulattos differing opinions -mulattos= white + black parents -difference between slave cause and free blacks cause in relation to the Code Noir, and discrimination against blacks -"Observations on the Origin and Progression of the White Colonists' Prejudice against Men of Color" (1791) -most people of color were born free, of free parents, yet still had no political rights |
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Urban Slavery |
-slaves in Salvador de Bahia, urban environment -entail wage labor, portion going to a slave master -Time period: throughout slavery period in Latin America, involved more skilled labor -slaves had more agency (personal freedom/religious freedom, social networks) -Significance: To be able to plan slave uprisings (Malê Uprising), institution of slavery more diverse than the US South's plantation style of slavery |
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Malê Uprising |
-prosperous sugar region, complex social hierarchy, all peoples aspired to own slaves -Population: 1/3 whites and Indians, 2/3 blacks and mulattos (1835) -relative amount of social mobility -anti-Portuguese sentiment, hard burden on slaves with increased labor, importance of slave religion and ethnic identity -urban environment that facilitated Islamic activities -Malês planned to kill everyone born in Brazil other than Mulattos, Uprising was shut down and all participants were harshly punished, or banished from colony -led to stricter rules
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Father Miguel Hildago |
-Revolution from the bottom up (1810 Mexico) -Grito de Dolores, used Virgin de Guadeloupe as a rallying cry -Creole priest who led a massive rebellion of indigenous and mestizo peasants against peninsulares -presented rivalry of Americans vs Europeans -Demanded land and taxes, was executed but Father Jose Maria Morelos carried on his fight -lacked military leadership, many creoles were unintentionally killed during revolution -read banned French books, studied indigenous language, defied the Catholic church's rule of sexual abstinence |
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Emperor Don Pedro I |
-1815 João's declaration of colonial Brazil rising to Empire status, made Portugal upset -1821, Don Pedro, son of King, given control of Brazil after Royal Court returns to Lisbon after Napoleonic Wars -1822-1891 Period of Stability within the slave society |
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Caudillo |
-Time Period: mid-1800s Caudillos ruled Spanish America -mini-republics in Central America were especially susceptible to one-man rule -Wars of independence resulted in a militarized society, leaving many military leaders fighting for power post-independence -Argentina best geographical example, grassy plains useful in pre-mechanized warfare -In Argentina 1806 and 1807 they defended against Great Britain, May 1810 Peninsular control ended in Buenos Aires |
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Juan Manuel de Rosas |
-caudillo of the Buenos Aires province in Argentina -governor of Buenos Aires 1835-1852 -leader of the Federalist party, established a dictatorship -ruled through establishing law and order through tyranny and spying, special police force called the Mazorca |
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Mexican-American War |
-(1846-1848) -Conflict over Texas in US and Northern Mexico -US settlers moved into Northern Mexico, trying to spread slave society -Texas declared independence from Mexico -Mexico lost half it's territory during the war (California, Southwest US, Texas) -Maximilion invited the French to take over and establish a monarchy in Mexico discrediting the conservatives |
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Camila O'Gorman |
-1825-1848 Argentinian elite, who has an affair with a Jesuit priest under de Rosas' regime in Argentina -pressures of society to protect a woman's honor -embarrassment to leaders if they let her get away with the sin, so they made her a symbol through her execution of the severity of disgracing honor -of European descent, father a leader under de Rosas -8 months pregnant when executed by firing squad
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Patronage |
-process by which jobs, political favors, rewards, and benefits were distributed in Iberian (Spain and Portugal) American society between patrons and supporters -Used by Caudillos in the 19th century, created political instability (CORRUPTION) -during transitions under a patronage ruled government people lose jobs they had under previous leaders -Benefits: people could gain security without a centralized government |
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Latifundia/Monoculture |
-Latifundia: organization of land around one crop, land controlled by a select few -Monoculture: Economic dependence on one crop -Time Period: Late 19th c.-Early 20th century -Related terms: banana republics, progress, United Fruit Company -Created economic instability/dependency, boom/bust cycles, leads to great wealth inequality (social tensions), foreign companies take over large plots of land -Latin American countries on the periphery of the world economy (dependency theory exemplified) |
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Progress |
-liberal economic policies oriented towards export, building infrastructure, privatization of land and wealth -railroads, ports, roads, and bridges -striving for modernity in Latin America, based on exports -Brazil: Order and Progress motto, Authoritarian Liberalism (In economy not politics), Porfiriato (Mexico developed infrastructure, land taken from indigenous peoples and privatized) -Time Period: 1875-19030 (Export Boom) -Significance: Unequal grounds of Latin America's introduction to the world economy, increased wealth gap and invited US imperialism
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Porfirio Diaz |
-(1876-1911) Mixtec, created the rurales -Porfiriato: Age of Diaz's power 1876-1911 -Authoritarian liberalism -land removal, and "progress" (1/4 of land sold to foreign investors by 1894) -rurales violently enforced evictions of peasants, forcing peasants into debt peonage or factory jobs in cities -Controlled elections, ended Caudillos leadership, created public jobs -Epitome of neocolonial dictatorship, Progress-oriented governance, resisted French invasion -formerly communal land declared vacant, unless occupancy and productivity could be proven in court |
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Spanish-American-Cuban War |
-1898 United States declares war on Spain, invaded Cuba and the Philippines -1898 Explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor, used as an excuse for US to intervene in Cuban war -US takes over, helps Cuba win, takes credit -Yellow Journalism: US dramatized news and increased interest in US involvement in Cuba -1899-1940 US occupation of Cuba, independence army is dismantled -US establishes a rural guard to keep the peace, protect investments
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Timeline of Spanish American Cuban War |
-1898 US declares war on Spain, invades Cuba and Philippines -1898 USS Maine explosion -1899-1902 US occupation of Cuba -1902 New Cuban Constitution (Platt Amendment, US male suffrage) -1902 Reciprocity Treaty -1902-1933 Cuba is a US protectorate -US refused to stop occupation of Cuba until Platt Amendment is passed |
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Quintín Bandera |
-1834-1906 -black general in Cuban war for independence charged with being a bad general, bad moral qualities, lack of sexual suppression -US imposing of racism on Cuba, Cubans imposed racism themselves (in the shadow of US influence) |
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Antonio Maceo |
-(1845-1896) -"The Bronze Titan" (mixed race -Hero of Cuban independence -non-white leader, Cuban nationalism built on racial unity |
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José Martí |
-(1853-1895) -Wrote "Our America" a Cuban revolutionary and intellectual -unite Latin America against the United States -questioned the assumed authority of Greco-Roman/Western thought -anti-European, learning from their own history -accuses US of being too materialistic, utilitarian, individualistic -Believes US has lost spiritual values |
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The Platt Amendment |
-passed in 1901 -allowed for US to intervene in Cuba and Philippines under US constitution until 1940 -Recognizes the independence of Cuba, but allows the US President to carry out the removal of Spain -US has the right to intervene and preserve Cuban independence -Gives US naval port, Guantanamo Bay -Cuba agrees not to enter treaty/compacts with foreign powers that will situate themselves on the island |
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José Enrique Rodó |
-1871-1914 -Uruguayan author of Ariel, and essay questioning the superiority of Western thought against Latin America's own identity - against materialism and greeds of capitalism as demonstrated in post-colonialism society -denouncement of United States -reasoning behind United States being able to influence forcefully Latin America through military, economic invasion, and imperialist paternal gaze |
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Monroe Doctrine |
-passed in 1823 by President James Monroe to free newly independent Latin American countries and rid them of European influence so the US could create a paternalistic monarchy -1905 President Theodore Roosevelt added a corollary making the US Marines the police force of Latin America, preventing European military intervention -created precedent in how the US deals with Latin American affairs |
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United Fruit Company |
-US Fruit company that created export societies in Latin America -Contributed to monoculture/latifundia -"el pulpo"/octopus, had "tentacles" all over Central and South America -Created enclaves, areas where everything was owned by UFC (schools, ports, housing, churches, transportation) (MONOPOLY) -Enabled the country to produce fruit more cheaply through vertical integration (1899-20th century) -Banana Republics: Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama -Great White Fleet: UFC's shipping line, all transportation directed towards North America |
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Augusto César Sandino |
-Led a national liberation struggle in Nicaragua from 1927-1933 -First modern, networked, anti-imperialist campaign in Latin America -May 1926: Sandino returned to Nicaragua after 3 yrs in Mexico, exposed to Vasconcelos super-nationalist, anti-imperialist values -May 1927: Sandino rejected US-imposed agreement to end Civil War -Sandino inspired movement celebrated indigenous heritage (Indolatino Movement) -followers called Sandinistas |
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Influences on Sandino's Revolution |
-Communism (Bolshevik Revolution) -Indolatino movement -Anti-imperialism -Anti-dictatorial movements
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José Vasconcelos |
-1882-1959 -Important Mexican intellectuals -believed Latin American mestizos were a new, cosmic race, combination of the virtues of Indians and Europeans -negative against Anglo-Saxon culture -Fascist and anti-semitic during WWII, Ministrer of Education in Mexico -Believes in the superiority of mixed race people -Essentializing: generalizing the "essence" of huge groups of people, assigned characteristics to each race |
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Mexican Revolution |
-Started in 1910, no clear end date -Before revolution, Mexico was overwhelmingly rural -country people who didn't want to move and got into a revolution -Early 1900s rise in strike activity |
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Mexican Revolution Timeline |
-Early 1900s Rise in strike activity -1910: Mexican Liberal Party runs Francisco Madero for President -1910: Uprisings in support of Madero -1911: Madero becomes president |
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Constitution of 1917 |
-delegates very radical, first socialist constitution, enacted major labor rights -anticlericalism (church out of education, exemptions ended, wealth accumulation possible) -Positive entitlement rights -State control of subsoil and mineral rights -Major land reform, right to education, equal pay |
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Legacy of the Mexican Revolution |
-Death toll: Between 1-2 million Mexicans died (10% of population) -New political party (PRI) in power 1929-1990s -New Ministry of Labor organizes unions, mandates wages/benefits, all labor issues organized under state control -Military under civilian control- paired Mexico the coups that plagued the rest of Latin America -1938: Mexico nationalized oil rights -Mexican nationalism develops -Mexico began to steer from emulating European culture, focus on indigenous history |
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Emiliano Zapata |
-1879-1919 -main leader of peasant revolution under Morelos state -Landless peasants from Morelos, wanted land reform, started leading revolution when Madero didn't fulfill revolutionary goals |
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Diego Rivera |
-1886-1957 -Mexican painter/muralist -reflected Mexican indigenous and working class culture -1921 Funded by Mexican government to make a series of murals on public buildings -interest in radical politics and Marxism, inspired by Russian Revolution, featured Lenin in Rockefeller mural |
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Anti-Americanism |
-Rejection of Western society itself and its values -Latin Americans hated US for supporting dictatorships in their countries -US late abolishment of slavery in relation to the rest of Latin America -US banks powered Tufts finance -US during Great Depression used Latin America for economic relief, and accepted a framework of international relations that it used for second half of the century to gain global power |
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What are the roots of Spanish-American independence? |
-Division between peninsulares and creoles, nativism -Bourbon reforms (heavy taxation of Spanish Americans) -Age of Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution -popular sovereignty did not include everyone, limited revolutions due to Haiti -culturally, there was a sincere interest in nativism and pan-Americanism |
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Comparative Independence |
Types of Latin American Independence -Slave Revolution (Haiti) -Slave-owning colony turned empire (Brazil) -Uprising suppressed from above (Mexico) -Conservative Independence (South America) -Delayed independence (Spanish-American War [Puerto Rico and Cuba] TREND: More people of color in society, more conservative |
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Haitian vs Bahian Slave Insurgencies |
Haitian -majority of island primarily black in areas -population difference made them successful in outnumbering French forces -led by leaders who received a European standard of education/military strategy -free blacks primary leaders (Loueverture, Raimond) Bahian -Diversity of urban slavery -Religious motivations, and planning -slaves ability to read, write, and plan the rebellion |
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Nation Building: Conservatives vs. Liberals |
-feared another Haitian revolution, so worked to keep elites in power Conservatives -Continuation of social stratification through race -desire to keep Latin America rural, old social order, maintain Spanish influence, wanted church to play a strong role Liberals -more urban, wanted more international influence, progress driven by exports -anti-church (did not want church to own land, wanted to eliminate the tithe) |
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Challenges facing early generations of nationalist leaders in Latin America |
-economic devastation after independence wars -lack of transportation infrastructure -governments struggled to control taxes -Presidents were quickly overthrown, no steady leadership structures -Federalism vs. Centralized state (Reis) -Patronage politics and caudillo leadership -Britain represented the center of progress and inspired Latin American liberals |
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Mexican Civil War |
-1855-1857 -Conservatives vs. Liberals -Liberal victory, state left bankrupt -Veracruz occupied by Spanish -Maximilian: Emperor 1854-1857 instituted idea of living wages, free press, lost support of church and conservatives |
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Political, military, economic institutions emerged from the period of Nation Building |
-success of caudillos through military control of their areas and already being political leaders through the cabildos abiertos -economically revolutions from above allowed for the continuation of elites remaining on top, causing huge wealth disparities between peasants and creoles |
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Mores and codes circumscribing women's lives in the 19th century Spanish America |
-codes and mores used to separate upper and lower classes of women (staying out of the streets for upper level women) -emphasis on honor (policing female sexuality, protecting virginity) -women expected to keep opinions to themselves -elite women were policies by their families and had very little freedom |
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Women against Latin American society restrictions |
-Inspired by the suffrage movement in US and Europe -Neocolonialism helped promote women's rights -Role of church: Church's policing of upper-class women -Concept of honor: difference in definitions of honor for men and women |
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Social tensions causing revolution in Mexico |
-massive land transfers to large landowners, 90% of land was appropriated and peasants made landless -communal lands declared vacant, needed to prove in court that land was productive and theirs -Constitutionalists contribute uprising and land retribution -land reform was a key facto in why revolutionaries continued to fight until their received land |
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Outcomes of revolution in Mexico |
Creation of Constitution of 1917, Carazanza emerges victorious -socialist constitution -significant in legislation couldn't ignore indigenous/peasant people anymore -Constitution addressed rights for poor people, anticlerical restrictions, labor rights, predates the UN's body of rights -state control of subsoil, mineral rights, free universal education, education removed from the church -nationalized oil |
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Timeline of US-Latin American Relations |
1823-1897 Westward Expansion 1898-1933 Age of American Imperialism 1934-1954 Good Neighbor Policy 1954-1980s Cold War 1980s-1990s Neoliberalism and Globalization |
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1823-1899 Manifest Destiny |
-1823 Monroe Doctrine, westward expansion -1849-1848 Mexican-American War -1850s William Walker's expedition to Nicaragua -1893 US annexes Hawaii -Second half of 19th century: Rise in Latin American investment |
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1898-1933: Age of American Imperialism |
-Considered the second conquest of Latin America -neocolonialism -1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, firms up doctrine, asserts military power over Latin America -US troops invaded 9 Caribbean countries at least 34 times -Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica invasions -Long term occupancies: Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Dominican Republic -Roosevelt Corollary claimed it was US burden to impose debts and maintain order in Latin America |
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Latin America's response to US intervention |
Economics -1890s severe economic depression in US, Open --Door Policy (free trade), Dollar Diplomacy (US taking over Latin America's banking system), Growth without development Geopolitics (national security) -securing and protecting canal zone -Path to the Pacific Culture (Manifest Destiny) -Promoting civilization, protestant virtues, racism towards latin Americans |
