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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jewish connections to the region |
- Palestine was considered and promised to them by God - 70 AD the temple of Jerusalem was destroyed, all that remains is the wailing wall. - Diaspora sent majority of Jewish population into exile as captives, slaves and refugees. |
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Arab connections to the region. |
- Yemen was the site of the settled kingdoms. Nomadic tribes also lived in borders of Israel. - Arab nationalism developed - Religious beliefs of Islam developed; Dome of the rock built on Jewish temple. - Palestine under Islamic control for 1300 years after this. - Ottomans controlled from 1516- WWI |
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Zionist View |
- Jews have a historical birth right to Israel. - Religious tradition of the "promise land" - Continuous Jewish occupation of region for past 4000 years. - Portrayal of establishment of Jewish state in ancient homeland of Israel as heroic epic of sacrifice and hardships against odds (European and Arab) |
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Palestinian View |
- Belief that they are descendants of the original inhabitants of the region - Jews who have arrived in the last century are unwelcome intruders. - Engaged in a heroic attempt to resist takeover of their homeland and create an independent nation against odds (European, Israeli and American Zionism) |
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Zionism |
- Jewish Nationalism - The belief that jews are a people or nation and have a right to a homeland/ state. - Ongoing anti-semitism throughout the culmination for this movement. - Sparked by Dreyfus Affair as well. |
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The Dreyfus Affair |
- Dreyfus came under suspicion when papers were discovered that made it appear that a french military officer was providing info to German government. - Dreyfus found guilty of reason in secret military court- martial - Evidence it was another officer- Dreyfus still found guilty, primarily because he was Jewish. - Affair inspired moderate republicans radicals and socialists to work together. |
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Theodor Herzl on the Dreyfus Affair |
- Theodor Herzl, an assimilated Hungarian Jew, was so shocked and angered by the Dreyfus Affair he concluded that the only solution to what he saw as "inescapable and endemic anti-semitism in Christian Europe" was the establishment of a Jewish state. |
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Hussein- McMahon Agreement |
- The British High Commissioner in Cairo (Sir Henry Mcmahon) promised Arab rule of Mecca (Hussein), a portion of the Ottoman Empire in return for their support against the Ottomans. - Lawrence of Arabia played an important role in negotiations and attacks |
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The Sykes- Picot Ageement |
- May 1916; Britain, France and Russia signed agreement named after negotiations (Sir Mark Sykes- Britain and George Picot- France). - Contradicted McMahon- Hussein correspondence. Divided Middle East between the 3 negotiators. When Russia left WWI the region was left for France and Britain |
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The Balfour Declaration |
- Made public in November 1917 - Correspondence between British Foreign Secretary (Lord Balfour) and a prominent British Foreign Secretary (Lord Balfour) and a prominent British Jew (Lord Rothschild) - British hoped to gain Jewish support particularly in the Us. Meant Jewish population in Palestine to support and protect British interests in the Suez Canal. - Ambiguous wording
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Arab response to the Balfour Declaration; Emir Feisal |
- Arab King of Syria, Emir Feisal who wanted to gain British support to his rule, wrote a letter in March 1919 supporting Jewish Arab co-existence. "There is room in Syria" for us both. Indeed, I think that neither can be a real success without the other" |
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Changing Arab response to the Balfour Declaration |
- Response changed as the British had failed to honor their promise to create a Palestinian state and there had been rapid Jewish migration. - In 1920, the league of nations, gave Britain a mandate over Palestine. - Balfour Declaration included as a part of the agreement, allowing for a Jewish organization to help in "matters affecting the Jewish national Home" |
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British Mandate |
-Came into effect in September 1923 - Gave no guarantee for either a Jewish or Arabic state, therefore population, size and land ownership became important for both groups. - So immigration became critical for Jesus and conversely, a threat for Arabs to a Palestinian state. - British officials in Palestine, more Pro-Arab while officials in England were more Pro-Jewish. |
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Jewish immigration to Palestine increase in 1933 |
- Hitler came into power and the first suppressive Nuremburg Laws came into play. - A lot of countries would not accept Jewish immigrants. Palestine one of the only places that had access to apart from Mexico, New Zealand and Shanghai (International city) |
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Partition of Palestine |
- Peel commission (1937) recommended the abolishment of the mandate and the partition of the country. - Haganah was a Jewish paramilitary organization that wanted to protect Jewish lands in the face of British partition. -British realized if they gave up Palestine there would be a power void leaving room for Hitler's power to grow. |
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Churchill White paper of 1939 |
- Policy paper issued by British government in which policy partitioning Palestine was abandoned. Alternative was creation of independent Palestine, governed by Palestinian Arabs and Jews in proportion to their populations. - Limit of Jewish immigration set for 1940-44 after which the immigration dependent on Arab majority -Restrictions on Jewish right to buy land set in place. |
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Nature of Arab and Jewish responses to a Jewish homeland post WWII |
-Jews saw distinct possiblity of homeland in Palestine- as Britain was weakened and war adverse. -Palestinian Arabs did all they could to prevent partition -Anglo- American committee of enquiry considered situation of Holocaust survivors and maintaining violence in Palestine (under American pressure) -Recommended admission of 100,000 Jewish refugees. Future immigration facilitated in accordance with Mandate. |
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Bi-national state |
-Anglo-American committee of Enquiry recommended a UN Tresteeship over Palestine to prove the way for a bi-national state. (Both Arab and Jewish) as it was concluded that a United State in Palestine was impossible. |
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The Exodus |
-British rejected the Commission's call for relaxing of immigration control. They continued to detain and turn around boats. -4000 Jewish immigrants on Exodus -Accompanied by British destroyers as soon as left France. Rammed and boarded by British, near Palestine. - Immigrants forced onto deportation ships bound for France. |
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The Exodus (cont) |
- Jewish immigrants refused to disembark. Remained in ships holds for 24 days in awful conditions. -French government refused to force them off boat. - British returned them to Britain, occupied Germany- forcibly taken off. - World public opinion outraged. Brits described as heartless and cruel by journalists - British changed their policy. |
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Consequences of the Exodus |
- UN special Committee of Palestine was persuaded to partition Palestine and create a Jewish state. - Britain gave up Mandate to Palestine - Some sources suggest that Zionists courted this controversy as if the Jews were seen as even greater victims, there would be condemnation of the British= encouraging them to leave. |
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Reactions to question of Jewish homeland continued (violence) |
- 1946; Arab league resolved they would do whatever necessary to maintain a Jewish state was not set up - Violence increased - Terrorist acts from the Jewish Irgun - Violence and murder of British officials. - British forced to live in secure compounds. Women and children evacuated. |
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Removal of British Mandate |
-Public opinion; most felt Mandate was an increasing burden and wanted it terminated. -February 1947- Britain gave up mandate over Palestine. - Departed on 15th May 1948 handed responsibility and question of Palestine to UN. - At the time; ongoing bombings. Assassination of key players, civilian deaths, retaliation killings. |
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The UN resolution 181 (Partition plan) |
- Palestine to be partitioned into 2 states with economic union. - Provided for UN control of the Holy places. -Five-nation Palestine commission set up to effect the transfer of power from the Mandatory authority to 2 new Jewish and Arab states. -Jerusalem under international control. - Line of partition based largely on population distribution |
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The UN- Dominating groups |
-May 1947- UNSCOP special committee on Palestine formed 11 member states. |
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The Vote |
-31st August 1947- Majority of UNSCOP members voted Mandate should end and Palestine be partitioned into seperate Arab and Jewish states. As both nationalisms possessed validity but were irreconcilable |
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Arab responses to UN resolution 181 |
-Immediately rejected partition- wrongly legitimised Jewish claim to state in Palestine and unfairly awarded larger land area to Jewish minority. - Arab Higher Committee rejected any solution other than Arab State -Called for a general strike. - "The partition line shall be nothing but a line of fire and blood" - Azzam Pasha, secretary- General of the Arab league -Intention to use force to resist Resolution 181 announced. |
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Arab General Strike |
-Almost all Arabic people stopped working as they were against zionist advances and so boycotted all Jewish products. -Particularly intolerant of mass Jeiwsh immigration. -Palestine struggled during this time (half of population on strike). |
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Jewish responses to resolution 181 (Partition plan) |
-Resolution fell short of the Zionists aspirations for a state comprising the whole of Palestine. - Did provide international legitimacy for creation of a Jewish state. - Not all Yishuv's leaders prepared to accept proposed partition lines as it did not provide a contiguous land mass, but 3 seperate "cantons" |
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WWI |
- Continental Europe dominated by France, Germany, Britain, Austria- Hungary and Russia - France was isolated therefore powerless after the mainland powers and Britain allied - Otto von Bismarck allied with all the other countries in order for France to be isolated. |
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The Fall of the Bismarckian Diplomacy |
- Wilhem II forced Bismarck to resign and let Germany's alliance with Russia collapse (1888) - Dual Entente: Russia and France against Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany - Splendid Isolation: Britain stayed out of European politics - Germany threatened war 1905 - Meeting in 1905 where Germans said Morocco should be independent and free of the French control. - Italy deserted Germany and joined the French Russian alliance. |
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Imperialism |
- Germany had access to raw materials and new markets due to large empire. - Nothing left to colonise - The quest of empire, bought them into conflict with other powers. - 1911: French sent their troops to the capital of Morocco, Fez and thought that France would take over the entire country. Germany threatened a gun ship - Britain saw the agreement as a threat to the Entente and were angry at their exclusion from negotiations between Germany and France - Britain's fleet prepared for war and Germany backed down accepted two smaller strips of land in the French congo, far less than originally asking for. - Germany saw this as a humiliating defeat. - Germany increased naval fleet and Britain and France became more of a military alliance. |
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Militarism |
- Increasing conception that to remain a strong country, the needed a huge military * Britain needed a large navy to protect colony and trade routes* Through a series of new laws, secretary of German navy turned the coastal of the German navy to a battle fleet * Naval race between Britain and Germany * 1870-1914 Military spending increased by 300% * Conscription was adopted by all European power * 1914 more than 12 million men conscripted to war |
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The Schlieffen Plan |
* Germany had the best rail network of all European powers.
* France-Russian entente meant that in the event of a war Russia would support France. * Count von Schlieffen didn’t think that Germany would be strong enough to fight both Russia and France * Devised plan for German troops to take on France first then move to Eastern front. * Planned to avoid the French German border and come through Belgium. * Plan had several flaws, called for invasion of Belgium and Luxernburg, once he mobilized equipment he was committing war. * The plan was too inflexible * By invading Belgium they risked bringing Britain into the war * Event of war between Germany and Russia meant war with France |
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Nationalism |
* Austria and Serbia were fighting against each other.
* Austria concerned of Serbia, Austria felt that Serbia was trying to agitate The Slavs * The Russians allied with the Serbians * Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina which made the Slavic people angrier * 1912: Balkan League: Serbia, Greece and Bosnia-Herzegovina * Slavic people wanted their own nation |
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The July Crisis |
* 1914: Austrian Hungarians conducted manoeuvres in Bosnia (Trying to show their strength)
* Send Prince of Austria Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand to Bosnia to watch the war games * The prince and his wife were shot in Bosnia by a Serbian * The assassin was a member of the Black Hand * The Austrians now had an excuse to go to war with Serbia, before they do they made sure Germany if Russia helped out Serbia * Germany gave Austria Hungary a "blank cheque" meaning they will support them no matter what. * 23rd of July: Austria gave a list of demands to Serbia, with 48 hours to respond. * Serbia agreed to all of the demands, apart from one which was stating that Austria would have a right to investigate the assassination. * 28th July Austria declared war on Serbia * 30th July Russia mobilized its army. * 31st July Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia to cease mobilization * Germany issued an ultimatum to France to declare neutrality. * 1st August Germany declared war on Russia. * Belgium moved into Luxernburg to attack France * 3rd of August Belgium rejected the German ultimatum and Germany invaded. * Britain said that Germany had five hours to pull out from Belgium or they would loose all diplomatic relations. * 4th of August: Britain declared war on Germany (First world war had begun) |
