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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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copernicus contribution to the new universe (4) |
-replaced geocentric model of universe with heliocentric -proposed sun is motionless in center and planets revolve around it -distances of planets from sun keep a direct relationship to the size of their orbits -heliocentrism posed fundamental threat to authority of bible |
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kepler contribution to the new universe |
3 laws of planetary motion: 1.planets move around the sun in an elliptical pattern 2. speed of the planet varies with its position on the ellipse (faster closer to the sun) 3. planet's orbital period depends on its distance from the sun |
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galileo contribution to the new universe (3) |
-confirmed copernicus' heliocentric model with use of telescope -discovered the highlands and seas of the moon, 4 of jupiters largest moons, phases of venus etc -dismissed ptolemean cosmology and aristotle's theory that heavens were perfect and unchanging |
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newton's contribution to the new universe (5) |
-wrote most important work in transformation of early modern natural philosophy into modern physical science -3 laws of motion -universal theory of gravity -explained kepler's laws of planetary motion mathematically -infinitesimal calculus |
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hyperbolic doubt |
whoever is searching after truth must doubt all things, doubtful things must be held false, not possible for us to doubt that while we are doubting we exist |
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what were the main themes of the enlightenment (10) |
-faith in reason and human rationality -progress -self-assertion -political freedom -secularization -religious tolerance -skepticism -happiness -natural law -civil liberties |
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what is natural law |
unchanging moral principles |
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what is secularization |
separation of religion from government |
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who were the main enlightenment thinkers (5) |
-montesquieu -voltaire -diderot, d'alembert -rousseau -adam smith |
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what were montesquieu's enlightenment ideas (3) |
liberty -political liberty -separation of powers -unnecessary punishment is tyrannical; law isn't a mere act of power |
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what were voltaire's enlightenment ideas (3) |
religious tolerance -freedom of reason, consciouness and research -religion must be a moral, rationalistic, natural religion -respect for rights of man; abolition of torture and useless punishments |
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what was diderot' d'alembert's enlightenment contribution |
created the encyclopedia |
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what were rousseau's enlightenment ideas (3) |
social contracts, general will -social contract -true sovereignty is always tied to general will -collective responsibilities and duties outweigh individual rights |
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what is a social contract (rousseau) |
agreement between individuals to establish true sovereignty |
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what is general will (rousseau) |
secure individual diversity and freedom but also encourage well-being of the whole |
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what were adam smith's enlightenment ideas? (2) |
laissez faire -government should interfere with trade and industry as little as possible -commodities and production determine the wealth of a nation |
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what were the political consequences of the enlightenment? (6) |
-absolutism -respect of individual rights by a political system -promotion of tolerance of religious difference -basic political power redistributed in checks and balances -consent of the governed -political ideals of freedom and equality and their institutional realization |
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what is absolutism? |
form of monarchy, people are born better than others |
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what were the main causes of the french revolution (7) |
-increased poverty=>peasants resentment of seigneurial system -social order generated lots of resentment in the third estate -inequitable system of taxation -rise of enlightenment ideals -american revolution showed need of govt that represents productive classes and property owners -high inflation -bankrupt by 3 successive wars |
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what events led to terror (9) |
-national convention -european monarchs feared it would spread so they opposed it -execution of the king -rise of the jacobins -strength of counter-revolutionary opposition -lack of parliamentary tradition within france -war with foreign powers -any threats to revolution were killed -conspiracies of foreign and internal enemies to stop the revolution |
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what was the national convention (french revolution) |
thousands of nobles executed under suspicion they were foreign invasion conspirators; abolished the monarchy and declares france a republic |
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what was the significance of the execution of the king (french rev) |
it was the end of God in western politics |
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rise of the jacobins and their 4 goals |
-overthrew the convention -goals: 1. win the war, 2. repress internal enemies, 3. stabilize the revolution within france, 4. radicalize the revolutionary process -planned to use violence and terror under institutional control |
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what were major influences the french revolution had on european history in the following era? (6) |
-creation of a new political order inspired by equality, justice, freedom, self assertion -forced governments to open to increased reforms -secularization of politics -nationalism -shaped new political identities (left/right) -declaration of the rights of man |
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what were the rights of man (french revolution) (9) |
-freedom of religion, speech, press -guaranteed property rights -liberty, equality, fraternity -right of people to create laws -right to a fair trial |
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what were the main factors that allowed napoleon to rise to power during the revolution (5) |
-france was in economic turmoil -people wanted clean streets and military was increasingly used -he was a successful army general -they wanted a leader they could trust -didn't want a monarchy but weren't ready for a democracy |
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what was napoleon's legacy (8) |
-externalization of french revolution -emancipated jews of france -modernization of the country -internal reforms -put an end to period of lawlessness in france -bankruptcy and territorial losses for france -wars caused millions of military and civilian deaths -autocratic leader |
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what is externalization of french revolution (napoleon) (3) |
-political and institutional reforms in occupied territory -attacked privileges of church and aristocracy -introduced napoleonic codes (french civil code) |
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where was the industrial revolution |
great britain |
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what were the causes of the industrial revolution/why great britain (6) |
-pre industrial economy had high agricultural dependence and poor communication/integration -their commercial supremacy in world and colonies -absence of wars on british territory -dynamic role of government in promoting economic growth/protecting private property -political stability and economic freedom -natural resources (coal, iron) |
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what were the 5 revolutions that cumulated to form the industrial revolution |
-demographic -agricultural -commercial -transport -technology |
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what consequences (+ and -) came from the industrial revolution (7) |
-moved society on a permanent different economic trajectory -provoked an acceleration of the rate of technical change -exploitation of workers/ poor working conditions -wage dependency -urbanization/ dysfunctional acceleration -transformation of labor, factories |
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what were the goals of the congress of vienna? (4) |
-restore pre revo and pre napoleonic political and social order -balance of power to prevent conflicts and keep peace in europe -prevent new social, economic, and political forces to disrupt the conservative order -restatement and reorganization of society to before the revolution and eliminate negative consequences of revolutions and napoleonic changes |
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what is liberalism? |
the aim of politics is to preserve individual rights and maximize freedom of choice |
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what is nationalism? |
the political idea of territorial self-determination, cultural idea of the nation as one's primary identity |
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what is utopian socialism? |
improvement of social conditions and establishment of a new system of social relations are the necessary means for the creation of greater equality and justice |
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7 examples of liberalism, nationalism, and utopian socialism playing roles in the first half of the 19th century |
-3 waves of revolutions -revolutions of 1830 -reform in great britain -france -revolution in the germanic states -upheaval in the austrian empire -italy |
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reform in great britain (2) |
-parliamentary reform act of 1832 extended the electorate and widened the political nation represented by the House of Commons -Poor Law (1834), Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846) |
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liberalism, nationalism, utopian socialism in france (4) |
-radical republicans and socialists campaigned to demand a more democratic franchise -as it intensified, King Louis-Philippe flees and the Second Republic is proclaimed -Constituent National Assembly ratify new Constitution for the French Republic and calls for presidential election -elects Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte president |
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revolution in the germanic states (4) |
-king of prussia promises a constitution, appoints liberal ministers, announces support for German national unification -Frankfurt National Assembly meet to draw liberal constitution for a united Germany -Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia refused title of Emperor of the Germans -Frankfurt Assembly disbanded in June 1849 |
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Upheaval in the Austrian Empire (5) |
-hungarian liberals under Louis Kossuth leadership revolt against the Habsburg monarchy -Mass meetings and violent demonstrations in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna led to Metternich's dismissal -Hungarian parliament declare the independence of Hungary (1849) -Russia intervened to support the austrian government in the occupation of Hungary -short-lived republic of hungary was over come |
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liberalism, nationalism, utopian socialism in Italy (3) |
-insurrection in Sicily spread to mainland ( Jan. 1848) -Carlo Alberto declares war on Austria and sends army to occupy Lombardy and Venetia; First Italian War of Independence (1848) -Piedmontese and other italian troops routed by the austrians at custoza |
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revolutions in the first half of the 19th century (3) |
-first wave in 1820-1824 (mediterranean area) -second wave in 1829-1834 ( all Europe west of Russia) -third and biggest wave 1848 |
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revolutions of 1830 (2) |
-french liberals overthrew Charles X and established a constitutional monarchy with Louis-Philippe as King -revolutionary outburst in Belgium, Italy and Poland |
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Frankfurt National Assembly |
first freely elected parliament for all of German |
