Modern Europe Test

Front 1

Peasant

Back 1

During the ancien regime, peasants were tied to agricultural land, and could not leave, but were not owned.

Front 2

Serf

Back 2

During the ancien regime, serfs were owned by landowners. They had almost no rights. Serfs in Eastern Europe had even less freedom.

Front 3

Ancien Regime

Back 3

A period of struggle for much of society. The period in France before the French Revolution.

Front 4

Nobles

Back 4

During the ancien regime, Nobles controlled the military. They owned and governed land and generally agreed with the monarchy.

Front 5

Parlement

Back 5

During the ancien regime, the parlement wanted France to become a limited monarchy. They imposed taxes from which the nobility were exempt, and gained power.

Front 6

Louis XIV

Back 6

The King of France during the ancien regime. He reduced the power of parlement, and made all decisions. Made reforms based on centralization. Nicknames the 'sun' king he lived in luxury at the Versailles Palace and carried out huge propaganda regimes.

Front 7

Ottoman Empire

Back 7

Muslim Empire, it clashed with western Europe. Discriminated against Christians and Jews. Engaged in costly, risky wars, but managed to expand. Europe became fragmented because of the Empire.

Front 8

French Revolution

Back 8

Challenged and destroyed the ancien regime. The revolution caused social unrest, economic crisis, and monarchial scandal.

Front 9

Great Fear

Back 9

Took place in 1789, during the French Revolution. Citizens in the country attacked aristocrats because of rumors that created a mass panic.

Front 10

Clergy (French Revolution)

Back 10

Lost a lot of income. Had church lands confiscated and the reduction of priveledges and rights.

Front 11

The industrial revolution

Back 11

demographic revolution

Hint 11

population increased exponentially

Front 12

Monarch (FR)

Back 12

Replaced France with a constitutional monarch in 1791. King Louis tried to flee but was brought back to France.

Front 13

Demographic Revolution (IR)

Back 13

Population increased exponetially. An increase in population because of higher marriage and birth rates, and a lower death rate.

Front 14

Agrarian Revolution (IR)

Back 14

Increase in yields of crop because of a new system of farming.
New technology made farming easier.
Privatisation of land was more productive and innovative.

Front 15

Industrial Revolution

Back 15

Emergence of factories. Inventions that made work easier. No peasantry meant there were plenty of people that could move to towns to work.

Front 16

Vienna Settlement

Back 16

1814. Aimed to prevent one country becoming too powerful - French boundaries were reduced. There was agreement that revolutionary movements should be put down.

Front 17

Nationalism

Back 17

Autonomy, unity, identity. Popular in western Europe.
Nationality based on language.

Front 18

Edmund Burke

Back 18

Irish statesman. Didnt support aspects of the Enlightenment. Had a conservative ideology (community, tradition, heirarchy)

Front 19

Congress of Vienna

Back 19

1814. Achieved its aim at long-term peace. Attempted to create a balance of power.

Front 20

Louis XVIII

Back 20

King of France. Lacked charisma. Led a conservative constitutional monarchy. He kept the Napoleonic code of equality and freedom.

Front 21

Liberalism

Back 21

Pushed for liberty and freedom. Resemble modern day conservatives.

Front 22

Liberal Feminists

Back 22

women seen as intellectual and economically dependant. pushed for the chance to vote.

Front 23

Radicalism

Back 23

accepted the liberal view and widened the vote to all men. Hated the restoration, but had strong national ties.

Front 24

Activism

Back 24

Held demonstrations. Held mass campaigns. Working and middle class were merged to change the way of voting

Front 25

Socialism

Back 25

Supported by Rousseau, and Locke. Idea grew during European revolutions.

Front 26

Red Flag

Back 26

flag of socialism

Front 27

Utopian Socialism

Back 27

All beings are equal. Heirarchial system is artifical. Believed in collectivism.

Front 28

Charles Fourier

Back 28

Utopian socialists. Attempted to set up his own utopia.

Front 29

Revolutionary Socialism

Back 29

Transforming society with national workshops. Held generally liberal revolutions.

Front 30

Karl Marx

Back 30

A german communist revolutionary. Had highly disciplined organizations.

Front 31

Anarchism

Back 31

Opposses industrialization. Revolutionary, and seen as being violent.

Front 32

Marxism

Back 32

Represented the working class. Workers had control of the industry through strikes. Believed in Internationalism (workers had no nation)

Front 33

Imperialism

Back 33

The west dominated other nations during this time. Britain, and France were the main dominating countries.

Front 34

King Leopold II

Back 34

King of Belgium. Exploited Africa - sole owner of the Congo.

Front 35

Auschwitz

Back 35

Polish concentration camp. Seen as a symbol of the holocaust.

Front 36

Habsberg Empire

Back 36

Austrian Empire or Austrian-Hungary. Each province ruled according to its own customs.

Front 37

Abolition of Slavery

Back 37

Slave Trade Act (1807) - ended slave trade in the British Empire.

Front 38

Unification of Italy

Back 38

Different states of the Italian penisula became on Italian state. Last state did not join until after WW1. Thought to have started with the Congress of Vienna and ended with the Franco-Prussian war.

Front 39

French Revolution 1848

Back 39

Led to creation of the Second French Republic. Louis Napoleon elected president. There were bloody but unsuccessful rebellions against conservatives.

Front 40

Boer War

Back 40

Fought between UK and Orange Free State and South African Republic. Ended with the conversion on Boer republics into British Colonies.

Front 41

Prague Spring

Back 41

Period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia. Alexander Dubcek came to power. Reforms to grant additional rights to citizens.

Front 42

Hungarian Uprising

Back 42

1956. Nationwide revolt against the government. Began as a student demonstration.

Front 43

Ancien Regime

Back 43

Period in France of disease, lack of food and poor health. There were huge taxes. Corrupt government - Louis XIV spent too much on war.

Front 44

Hugenots

Back 44

Protestant reformed Church of France. French Protestants followed John Calvin.

Front 45

Hanoverians

Back 45

Part of the German Royal Dynasty. Ruled Great Britain.

Front 46

Public Sphere

Back 46

People can get together and discuss and then influence political discussion. Coffee house discussions.

Front 47

Orthodoxy

Back 47

Well-researched and well-thought out norms especially in religion. Extreme religious beliefs.

Front 48

Protestantism

Back 48

Justification by grace through faith alone, not through works such as the bible.

Front 49

Imperialism

Back 49

Mainly Britain and France colonizing other countries in Africa. Slave trade emerged, colonized for resources. Scramble for Africa.

Front 50

Deism

Back 50

reason and the natural world can determine that a supreme being created the world. No need for organized religion - reject prophecies and miracles.

Front 51

Utilitarianism

Back 51

moral worth of an action is determined by the amount of happiness it gives you. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Front 52

Napoleonic Code

Back 52

French civil code. Forbade privileges based on birth, freedom of religion, government jobs go to the most qualified. 1804.

Front 53

Conservatism

Back 53

right-wing. supporting private more than public. David Cameroon.

Front 54

Liberalism

Back 54

individual liberty and equal rights. freedom of.

Front 55

Radicalism

Back 55

freedom to.

Front 56

Socialism

Back 56

public ownership. equal power relations, planned economy. e.g. Soviet Union

Front 57

Anarchism

Back 57

idea of no state, no governing body.

Front 58

Militarism

Back 58

Napoleon. Imperialism, expansionism.

Front 59

Spirit of 1914

Back 59

spirit of the war - unifying Germany for war after its political problems

Front 60

Age of Anxiety

Back 60

modernisation. 1920's. anxiety was shown through paintings and literature.

Front 61

Age of Extremes

Back 61

Cold War, Polarization between communism and capitalism. Nazi Germany, communism in USSR.

Front 62

European social model

Back 62

bringing states of Europe together to create one country. Thatcher didnt want to implement the Euro because we would become one nation.

Front 63

Master Narrative

Back 63

the way the war was told to the masses in each country. use of propaganda. UK: nations effort