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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transformation
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a type of transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism
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bacteriophage
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viruses that infect bacteria. They are also called phages.
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virulent
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a strain of bacteria that causes disease.
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nucleotide
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consists of three parts: a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
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deoxyribose
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the five carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
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nitrogenous base
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a base in DNA containing nitrogen and carbon
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purine
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a nitrogenous base with two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
ex) adenine and guanine |
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pyrmidines
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a nitrogenous base with a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
ex) cytosine, thynine |
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complementary base pair
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a pair of nitrogenous bases connect to each other by hydrogen bonds
ex) adenine, thynine, cytosine, guanine |
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nitrogenous base
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a base in DNA containing nitrogen and carbon atoms
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base sequence
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the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
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replication fork
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is a y-shaped region that results when the two strands of DNA separate
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helicase
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is an enzyme that separates the strands of DNA during replication
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semi-conservative replication
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produces a new DNA molecule with one original strand and one new strand
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DNA polymerase
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enzymes that add complementary nucleotides; found floating inside the nucleus
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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a natural polymer that is found in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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transcription
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the process of forming nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as the template
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translation
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the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
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protein synthesis
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the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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a single stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein. In eukaryotic cells, mRNA carries the genetic message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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part of the structure of ribosomes.
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein. made of nucleotides linked together.
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA by using a DNA strand as a template.
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promoter
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is a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription. after RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind and separate.
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termination signal
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a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene.
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genetic code
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the term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid
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codon
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a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal
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anticodon
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three nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA
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