Modern Biology, Ch 8, Cell Reproduction

Front 1

During cell division, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called____________

Back 1

chromosomes

Front 2

Between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out; in this form it is called

Back 2

chromatin

Front 3

The chromosomes of most prokaryotes consist of proteins and

Back 3

a single circular DNA molecule.

Front 4

Humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells except sperm and egg cells how many of these chromosomes are autosomes?

Back 4

44

Front 5

If an organism has a diploid or 2n, number of 16, how many chromosomes do its sperm cells or eggs cells contain?

Back 5

8

Front 6

What role do proteins play in enormous amount of DNA in a eukaryotic cell to fit into the nucleus and what are those proteins called?

Back 6

Histones help coil and package the DNA into a very small volume

Front 7

In what ways are homologous chromosomes similar

Back 7

the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits.

Front 8

What 2 chromosomes do females carry?

Back 8

XX

Front 9

What 2 chromosomes do males carry?

Back 9

XY

Front 10

What is it called when you take a picture of the chromosomes

Back 10

Karyotype

Front 11

Histone proteins

Back 11

help maintain the shape of a chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA

Front 12

chromatid

Back 12

is one half of a chromosome

Front 13

centromere

Back 13

is the constricted area of a chromatid that holds the two chromatids in a chromosome together

Front 14

autosome

Back 14

is any other chromosome

Front 15

sex chromosome

Back 15

is a chromosome that determines the sex of an organism

Front 16

diploid cells

Back 16

has both chromosomes in each homologous pair

Front 17

haploid cell

Back 17

has only one chromosome in each homologous pair.

Front 18

what are tightly coild DNA molecules?

Back 18

Chromosomes

Front 19

What help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes?

Back 19

histone protein

Front 20

T/F Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler than chromosomes in eukaryotes

Back 20

true

Front 21

T/F All creatures and organisms have the same number of chromosomes.

Back 21

F

Front 22

cells having two sets of chromosomes are called _______

Back 22

diploid (2n)

Front 23

cells that have 1/2 the number of chromosomes that are present in diploid cells are __________

Back 23

haploid cells (1n)

Front 24

What is one main difference between prokaryotic and a eukaryotic?

Back 24

Prokaryotic has only one chromosome

Front 25

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Back 25

46

Front 26

How many sexual chromosomes do humans have?

Back 26

2

Front 27

Explain what is chromatin

Back 27

Where the instructions are in the long strands

Front 28

Is DNA A NUCLEIC ACID?

Back 28

yes

Front 29

Where is the DNA found in eukaroytic cell?

Back 29

nucleus of a cell

Front 30

What helps the DNA to coil?

Back 30

histone proteins

Front 31

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called

Back 31

binary fission

Front 32

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during a phase of the cell cycle called?

Back 32

S phase

Front 33

The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides by a process called

Back 33

cytokinesis

Front 34

The fibers that extend from centrosome to centrosome during mitosis are

Back 34

polar fibers

Front 35

What happens to the cells in the G.o phase?

Back 35

exit from the cell cycle

Front 36

What are the 5 main phases of a cell cycle?

Back 36

G 1 phase
S Phase
G 2 phase
Mitosis or M phase
Cytokinesis

Front 37

What does the G1 phase do?

Back 37

Cell growth

Front 38

What does the S phase do?

Back 38

DNA is copied

Front 39

What does the G2 phase do?

Back 39

cell prepares for cell division

Front 40

What does the M phase or mitosis do?

Back 40

nucleus divides

Front 41

What does the Cytokinesis phase do?

Back 41

cytoplasm divides

Front 42

List the four phases of mitosis

Back 42

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

Front 43

What happens in the prophase?

Back 43

the chromatin coils and forms chromosomes, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. and the mitotic spindle forms

Front 44

What happens in the metaphase?

Back 44

kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the cell equator.

Front 45

What happens in the Anaphase?

Back 45

the chromatids in each chromosome separate and move toward the opposite poles of the cell.

Front 46

What happens in the telophase?

Back 46

the mitotic spindle disappears and the chromatids unwind to form chromatin, the nuclear envelope reforms and a nucleolus appears.

Front 47

Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell

Back 47

Vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus fuse at the midline of the cell to form the cell plate, a cell wall that elongates to separate the cell into 2 cells.

Front 48

One large chromosomes and a series of smaller rings of DNA in a Prokaryotic cells is called?

Back 48

plasmids

Front 49

Do muscle cells and brain cells copy themselves?

Back 49

No

Front 50

What is an example of which kinds of cells keep copying themselves and can not stop?

Back 50

Cancer cells

Front 51

What is an example of which cells stop at G1 and does not keep repairing and building cells.

Back 51

Spinal cord

Front 52

Where does the cell spend most of its time carrying out its job before mitosis?

Back 52

Interphase

Front 53

What is it called when it is a programmed cell death? If a call fails to replicate itself properly, they will take themselves out of the cycle.

Back 53

apoptosis

Front 54

Is Mitosis involved in reproduction process?

Back 54

No, meiosis is.

Front 55

What is the function of mitosis?

Back 55

is to evenly divide the DNA to the daughter cells

Front 56

What kind of division has to happen with a diploid cell to become a fully functional multi-celled organism?

Back 56

Mitotic divison

Front 57

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Back 57

is to make haploid cells for reproduction.

Front 58

How many haploid cells are there in meiosis?

Back 58

23 from each parent

Front 59

What produces haploid cells in reproduction ?

Back 59

meiosis

Front 60

What are the 2 kinds of reproduction processes?

Back 60

asexual and sexual reproduction

Front 61

What are the names of the structure that produce haploid cells?

Back 61

Gonads

Front 62

What are the 2 different types of gonads in male and female?

Back 62

male is the testes --sperm cells
female is the ovaries--egg or ova cells

Front 63

A sperm cell + egg cell = ????

Back 63

zygote cell

Front 64

What is the most complex stage in the meiosis I phase?

Back 64

prophase I stage

Front 65

What are a few differences in meiosis I compared to mitosis.

Back 65

1. Synapsis happens-pairing of homologous chromosomes
2. tetrad are made--each pair of homologous chromosomes
3. The HC line up face to face
4. Crossing over occurs-exchanges ends
5. Regegentic recombination

Front 66

What does crossing-over means in meiosis I?

Back 66

This is where they exchange instructions on the ends of the chromatids.

Front 67

During the anaphase I in meiosis, do the chormosomes line up independently or in order?

Back 67

independently

Front 68

What is the difference with the starting prophase II and Prophase I in meiosis?

Back 68

Prophase II starts with 2 haploid cells
Prophase I starts with a diploid cell

Front 69

What are some differences between Prophase I and Prophase II?

Back 69

In Prophase II, there is no homologous chromosomes coming together.
2. No crossing over
3. No tetrad
4. No replication

Front 70

During the telophase II phase in meiosis, how many new cells are formed?

Back 70

4