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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Huey Long
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Attacked FDR for not doing enough about social welfare reform; called him a communist; wanted small government and no big corporations
Share Our Wealth Society became popular-- believed the wealthy have too much money and there should be a progressive tax; initial $5000 for people to buy a house, then receive annual grants |
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Father Coughlin
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Originally supports FDR, then calls him a communist because he wanted smaller government
National Union for Social Justice became populat |
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WPA
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Works Progress Administration-- created by FDR, employed many people
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How important was the church or religion in forming public opinion on abortion in early 19th century America?
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It was important in that the pope condemned it and religious women were less likely to have abortions. It was believed that life began at conception (for Christians) or 40 days after (Jews)
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What is a dying declaration and how was it used against abortionists?
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On their death beds, women who has botched abortions would be told to make a statement to the doctor confessing who her abortionist was before the doctor would help her. It was used as evidence in court against the abortionist.
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In what way did early abortion reformers (physicians in the early part of the 20th century) seek to increase access to abortion?
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They would refer women to doctors who performed abortions or used the therapeutic abortion excuse liberally. Some doctors performed abortions regularly and sometimes charged wealthier women more and poorer women less.
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Why did physicians launch a "crusade" against abortion in the latter half of the 19th century?
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They wanted to preserve the integrity of the profession by setting standards.
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How widespread was abortion in the 1930s and 40s? In England, what happened in the early 20th century regarding abortion?
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Most cities had several physicians who specialized in abortion.
In England, women led a reform movement to expand access to abortions. |
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In Boomsday, what is the decision of the Commission on Voluntary Transitioning?
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Cassandra would be appointed to head Social Security
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What's the name of the lobbying group that advocates for the Boomers in Boomsday?
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AARP
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Describe 2 options that have been proposed to address the insolvency of Social Security
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Set up private retirement investments (advocated by Bush); increase taxes and cut spending to programs, especially Defense spending
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Why do Baby Boomers pose a threat to the solvency of the Social Security system?
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There will be many people retiring and not enough people in the workplace to pay for them. People are also living longer.
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What's a pro and con of Bush's private accounts?
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Pro-- it allows for smaller government
Con-- people might not understand how to make good investments and shifts in the economy can cause people to lost their retirement |
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What strategy does Cassandra use to get the vote of U30s (under 30s) for Jepperson?
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She rallies the U30s to have them burn their Social Security cards
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Why are casinos lucrative clients for Jack Abramoff?
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Reservations are not taxed and gambling brings in a great deal of money
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Why were physicians opposed to the American Association for Labor Legislation healthcare plan (1914-1919)?
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They were afraid that allowing everyone to have subsidized healthcare would cause them to lose money because they would have to compete against each other to provide care at low costs in order to attract patients
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What's the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921?
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It provided matching funds to states to construct maternal health facilties because 1/3 of men's health is too poor to serve in the military
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What does the 3 layer cake consist of?
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Medicare part A & B and Medicaid
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Why did the creation of Medicare further strengthen the grip of the private insurance system in the U.S. and make national healthcare more unlikely?
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Medicare was to be run by Blue Cross and there were no set prices, so the insurance companies had complete control over health insurance
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What happened in the 1960s and early 1970s regarding welfare? What happened in Wisconsin after Jason Turner arrived in the mid-1990s?
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Welfare rolls expanded exponentially; Turner caused welfare caseloads to decrease dramatically
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Who was David Ellwood?
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A Harvard professor and Clinton's welfare advisor
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What did the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and most politicians think about welfare reform?
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They felt it would lead to higher, not lower, costs
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What did Conservative politicians mean when they spoke of the "liberal plantation"?
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Conservatives thought that allowing unlimited welfare benefits, as the liberals wanted, would not encourage recipients to leave welfare and take control of their own lives. Conservatives wanted to free them from the poverty cycle.
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In Boomsday, what was SPERM?
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It was Gideon Payne's pro-life group
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What was Cassandra's policy proposal and what does her call to action cause her followers to do?
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Voluntary transitioning; followers launch attacks on retirement communities
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Some people believe that welfare reform was popular, and national healthcare is less likely, because of racial attitudes in America. Why?
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Hospitals didn't want to desgregate and people assume that black people will tend to benefit from healthcare most because they also tend to be poor. Taxpayers don't want to pay for their healthcare costs. When AFDC was in place, taxpayers felt that they were mostly paying for black families that didn't try to find work, so many wanted restrictions
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Why do critics of welfare reform have more reason to complain about Clinton's plan today that in the late 1990s?
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The recession results in more poverty and the 2 year safety net might not be adequate
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Was there organized resistance to Clinton's Welfare Reform plan in 1996? Explain.
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There was resistance from anti-poverty, liberal nonprofits, but these organizations didn't have much power
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Of the three characters in DeParle's book, who fared best after welfare reform? The worst?
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Jewell fared best because she had a modest increase in her quality of life; Opal fared worst because her drug problem was never addressed and her situation worsened
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How did government supported welfare in America originate? Under what circumstances?
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FDR introduced government welfare programs during the Great Depression to help poor families, widows, and children
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Which President launched a war on poverty? What were his tactics (list at least 2 initiatives and explain them)
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Johnson-- VISTA gave jobs to people, which focused on building better communities nationwide; Community Relief Fund to distribute moeny to local gorups to take care of community problems
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What did Michael Harrington mean when he said that the poor were caught in a "web of poverty"?
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He meant they couldn't overcome their circumstances because issues, like teen pregnancy and neighborhood violence, prevented them from getting ahead
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Explain the first significant attempt to achieve national healthcare in America.
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After WWII, Truman proposes Fair Deal, a national, single-payer plan that would be funded by a payroll tax
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What coalitions formed to defeat Truman's healthcare proposal?
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AMA (physicians), insurance companies, unions, businesses
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Why did the Clinton Health Security Act fail?
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It was too complicated for the public to understand
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Why does nationalized healthcare run counter to deeply engrained American beliefs?
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Americans think of it as socialist; they believe in individual responsibility
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List some provisions of the Affordable Care Act of 2010
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No discrimination based on pre-existing conditions; no "donut hole"; mandate for everyone to buy health insurance or pay a fee annually
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What's an HMO and how did they rise to prominence in America?
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Nixon supported the HMO Act because these are private groups that provide insurance to employees for a profit
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Why have Republicans sought to repeal the Affordable Care Act?
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They don't like big government and believe the new provisions interfere with the free market
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What were some of the criticisms of government sponsored healthcare used by the interviewers on the Longines Hours when questioning Oscar Ewing in 1951?
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They considered it on the socialist side and too expensive to implement
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Who drives abortion policy today?
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Physicians, conservatives, Catholics, women, Supreme and state courts, interest groups
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What was abortion law like prior to 1820 in America?
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Abortion wasn't regulated in any way; U.S. law is based on English common law, which says it's a crime after quickening; the problem is there's no way to determine quickening
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What's Commonwealth vs Bangs?
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Case brought against a man accused of giving out a prescription abortion drug; set the basis for abortion till the 1850s that after quickening, abortion isn't allowed; it showed courts are helpless in using medical technology to determine whether an abortion occurred
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What happens in 1840-41 regarding abortion laws?
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The first abortion laws were passed as a general overhaul, mostly to address some issues with women taking harmful abortion pills; Maine is the first state to do anything substantial, says abortion is illegal whether woman is quick or not
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What happens to abortion rates between 1840 and 1880? Why and what laws result?
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Upsurge in abortion during that time, some believe it was due to public advertising; unsafe methods were common; Comstock laws passed to prevent people from advertising abortion pills, it's caused by publicizing abortion cases, not public opinion
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What's public opinion on abortion from 1840-1860?
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Feminists come to the forefront and blame men for the rise in abortion; religion was mostly silent, though Protestants come out moderately opposed; focused on ethnicity and marital status-- married, upper class, white women start having abortions, which is less acceptable than when overpopulated immigrant population has abortions
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What do physicians do in the 1860s regarding abortion?
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Crusade against abortion lead by physicians, who wanted to get rid of practices that make them look bad and set standards for being a physician; the churches didn't go along with it
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What's abortion law like between 1860 and 1880?
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No more concept of quickening (life begins at conception), women no longer immune from testifying, physicians have complete control so women have to plead to them to have abortions, and abortions greatly decreased
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Who was having abortions by the 1890s?
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Before, it was mostly middle class women, but by 1890s they had more access to birth control and were afraid of the social stigma
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What happened between 1950 and 1960 regarding abortions?
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Crackdown leads to more abortion-related deaths, then the women's movement in 1960s cause states to start making exceptions for rape and such, a few repealing the restrictions
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Roe vs Wade
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In 1970s, attorneys challenge abortion; the woman's request is denied until the Supreme Court, which rules in her favor based on a right to privacy
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Starting in 1960s, what role does Catholics play?
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Catholics take active stance against abortion in 60s for first time, considering it strictly a moral issue; try to push constitutional amendment in 1980s, but not enough support so they chip away at state policies by adding requirements; the Hyde Amendment in 1977 prohibits the use of federal money to fund abortions
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Planned Parenthood of PA vs Casey
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says states can pass 4 of the 5 provisions-- it's considered undue burden for a woman to consult her husband
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How were new abortion laws different from earlier laws?
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Early policies tried to abolish the use of quickening and tried to ban abortion; later they cracked down on abortion and gave control to physicians
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Why are HMOs significant in the evolution of healthcare in America?
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HMOs were private and didn't cost the government anything. They were most efficient way to deliver healthcare; HMOs choose which doctors, hospitals, etc to use. It got insurance companies involved in healthcare; employers pushed people into HMOs because they were intended to keep costs down, so companies could make more profit
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What was the role of 4 presidents in impacting the evolution of healthcare?
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FDR--wanted to include healthcare, but didn't
Johnson--enacted Medicare; actively mobilized people, along with Kennedy, by educating them Truman--tried to pass national healthcare in the Fair Deal Nixon--passed the CHIP plan (costs shared by employer and employees; government sponsored assisted healthcare plan for people who can't afford regular insurance; expands Medicare) |
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What did opponents of HMOs argue?
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They were concerned because decisions about what to cover weren't being made by professionals
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What's the AALL?
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American Association for Labor Legislation-- did a progressive reform to provide healthcare to more people; 1/5 of the money would come from the state, the rest split between employees and employers; it was labeled unAmerican because of red scare
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What was healthcare like during the 20th century?
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Before 20th century, no healthcare plans; during 20th century, there was limited healthcare, couldn't be treated for many diseases, only rich could afford it and they paid more than they got back; later, fraternal organizations would have employees put money into a pool
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Who was against AALL and why?
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Physicians opposed because state commission would control costs and they'd have to compete (British argued it would help physicians because in past they'd sometimes have to treat people who had no money, this way they were getting paid); employers opposed because they believed workers make poor social decisions, live in bad conditions, etc, causing their bad health; insurance opposed because state would do death benefits for when workers die, so they're lose business; unions opposed because government would be giving benefits instead of them and jobs would have to be cut; women opposed because wanted to be seen as equals, but maternal benefits would make their healthcare more expensive and employers may cut their wage or not hire them
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What was the Kerner Report about?
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It was about riots caused by huge inquity in wealth
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What's modern republicanism?
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Americans began accepting social welfare around the Depression, so Republicans had to start supporting it as well.
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What was the progression of public policy on healthcare?
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Started with the AALL; then Social Security was driven by FDR; WWII spurs employer sponsored plans; the Fair Deal is proposed by Truman; mine workers have success through collective bargaining to have employers provide health insurance; Nixon starts CHIP & Kaiser Permanente; Kennedy proposes Health Security bill (single-payer plan paid by payroll taxes) and the AMA proposes Medicredit (vouchers for low income); Reagan implements Perspective Payment system, ERISA, and Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act; wealthy elderly people protest the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act and it's repealed; Clinton proposes Health Security Act; Obamacare
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What problems does Kennedy face in passing a healthcare plan? Why doesn't the AMA's plan pass?
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He loses credibility due to a car crash scandal, but no opposition other than the AMA. AMA doesn't have enough support
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How does Kaiser Permanente work?
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HMO asks each employee for money to pay for the few who get sick or injured. Doctors have an incentive to keep people healthy and it cuts costs.
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What problems does Carter face in trying to pass a healthcare plan?
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Massive energy crisis and inflation; he focuses on inflation in healthcare industry, gauges healthcare costs according to CPI, and places cap on healthcare costs paid through Medicare and Medicaid--bill doesn't pass and inflation increases.
He doesn't get much support from anyone; the public mostly gets commercial insurance paid through their employers. |
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Discuss Reagan's healthcare plans
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Perspective Payment system--give people money ahead of time to make sure the bill doesn't keep rising; hospitals still charged more to commercial insurers and started giving patients diagnoses that required more serious (expensive) care, and commercial insurers pass costs to employers; there's a price creep (prices keep rising)
ERISA--companies take on risk themselves, premiums aren't taxable; not under same state regulations; companies find it cheaper and they lose liability by running their own insurance companies Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act--Reagan's law is supported by businesses because it gets rid of Medigap coverage by employers and it's covered by the government instead; government has a cap on coverage; elderly who make a lot of money have their social security taxed; hospitals aren't really concerned; insurers like it because it means they don't have to take care of the elderly; the bill passes easily, but seniors who paid the tax and didn't get much benefit didn't like it and it got repealed |
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Describe Clinton's healthcare plan
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Health Security Act--employers required to have a minimum health plan and they must pay 80%; government subsidizes small businesses; employees can take the plan with them (it's portable); AMA supported some aspects, but hospitals and insurers didn't
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Overall, what problems in the U.S. prevent national healthcare?
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U.S. doesn't like big government; racists felt government shouldn't pay for a system that primarily benefits minorities; stakeholders were mobilized; labor unions didn't do much
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What was the Townsend Plan?
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Francis Townsend's plan offered everyone a pension, which would be paid by 2% sales tax and you had to spend all of the $200 you received; there were many active lobbyists for the plan
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What was the Social Security Act?
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At first, just benefits for retirees, but then benefits were added for dependents of retirees and survivor benefits
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What problems does Reagan face with Social Security?
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Reagan has to deal with inflation, high unemployement, and people getting more money in benefits and less revenue is brought in by lower payroll taxes.
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What was the Greenspan Commission?
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Gradually began raising retirement age in 2000, there would be a tax increase in 2010, a larger pool of government employees would be covered, benefits for those over a certain income were taxed, and the employer portion of the tax increased in 1990
As a result, Social Security is expected to remain solvent till 2057 |
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What's the Deby Reduction Commission in 2011?
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It reduces COLAs, reduces benefits in the future, raises retirement age, causes higher income people to be subject to Social Security payroll taxes, and removes the cap on payroll taxes
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What's NWRO?
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National Welfare Rights Organization-- hundreds of groups get together in 1960s and were somewhat successful during that decade
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King vs Smith
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in 1968, said everyone is entitled to fundsm no waiting lists
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Shapiro vs Thompson
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in 1969, eliminated residence requirements
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Goldburg vs Kelly
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in 1970, said benefits can't be taken away without due process
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What caused the welfare rolls in increase in the 1960s?
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The court cases; the 1965 Watts riots in LA was caused by anger over poverty, so officials gave out more money
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What was Nixon's welfare reform plan?
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Family Assistance Program-- attempt to get rid of separate programs for housing, food, etc to make government smaller; just gives families a cash grant and takes away other forms of assistance; argued that it'll encourage families to work, but critics argue that people can spend the money however they choose, it puts children at risk, and it's not enough to help people
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What did Clinton do about welfare?
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He signed the bill for TANF, which allowed for 2 years of continuous benefits; Earned Income Tax credits increased returns for poor people, which people mostly spent on methods of getting ahead; and caseload reduction credits took people off the rolls and allowed states to deny people welfare
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What did Johnson do about welfare?
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Johnson's desired Americans to build a Great Society that eliminated problems with poverty, so declared a war on poverty
Started the Job Corps to allow poor people to learn skills outside their "poverty culture", though the scope of the program was much smaller than the WPA Neighborhood Youth Corps, which was a problem because local municipalities got money to hire people to do local projects Community Action Programs developed in low income areas and were given money to spend on improving things; officials didn't like it because money went directly to the programs so there was a lot of waste and spending on political advocacy Head Start were early education booster programs that still exist VISTA (originally sought by Kennedy), as part of the Peace Corps, where people worked on projects nationally Mobilization for Youth targeted juvenile delinquency in NYC, but became de facto welfare program because the issue is lack of health care, low income, etc |
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What did FDR do about welfare?
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TERA (The Emergency Relief Act) passed when he was governor, then FERA, gave out cash grants to citizens
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What's NARAL
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Pro-choice lobbying group that was in Roe vs Wade, opposed Hyde Amendment
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Who was Tom DeLay?
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Congressman who resigned after money laundering charges
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Who was Barry Goldwater?
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Senator who opposed the New Deal, but promoted innovative business practices; voted against Johnson's anti-poverty act
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Who was Jack Abramoff?
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Republican lobbyist who conspired to evade taxes and use money to influence Republicans in office through bribes
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