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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dual Alliance, 1879
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Germany and Austria-Hungary
Protection against Russia |
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Congress of Berlin, 1878
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• Bulgaria gained independence from Turkey
• Serbia and Montenegro gained independence • Turks had to give Cyprus to Britain • Russia gained little, upset at Germany |
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Three Emperors League
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Austria, Germany, Russia
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Triple Alliance, 1882
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Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary
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Triple Entente, 1907
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England, France, Russia
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Reinsurance Treaty of 1887
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Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary
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Col. Ardant du Picq
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o Cross the deadly zone quickly and with force
o Believed in the power of Elan – the marshal spirit o Better to be on the offensive - Offensive au outrance (higher morale) o Skirmishers and 75mm light, mobile gun |
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German Army - 1914
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• Universal military service
• Highly professional army (General Staff) • Focus on heavy artillery • Excelled at transportation and communications • Focus on war with France • Anticipated importance of machine gun • Strategy focused on railroads |
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French Army - 1914
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• Agreed to concentrate its fleet in Mediterranean and protect Suez Canal
• Able-bodied males eligible for 2 year service • Strategy frontal attacks (“sledgehammer”) |
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Austro-Hungarian Army - 1914
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• German Army Lite (patterned after Germans)
• Effects of ethnic diversity • Universal conscript law • Officers were Czechs and Slovaks |
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Russian Army - 1914
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• Enormous manpower reserves
• Soldiers known for endurance • Modern weapons, but fewer of them • Insufficient industrial capacity • Poor roads, too few railroads |
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British Army - 1914
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• Agreed to put its navy in the north and protect French shores
• Small, highly-professional colonial army o Emphasis on marksmanship • Royal Navy the world’s finest • Smaller attack strategy (“dagger”) |
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Franco-Russian Military Convention
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first step in diplomatic revolution
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Naval Defense Act of 1889
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Britain must maintain navy bigger than next two biggest combined
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Entente Cordiale
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o Resolved colonial differences
o France recognized British Egypt o France granted free navigation of Suez Canal |
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Agadir Crisis
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o Germans advocated more aggressive foreign policy
o Kiderlen-Wachter o Germany demanded French Congo in return for French in Morocco |
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Balkan League
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Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro
- attacked Turks |
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Schlieffen Plan
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Quick war against France, then take on Russia
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The Western Front (WWI)
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• Battle of the Somme
• Battle of the Marne • War of stalemate • Mostly in France |
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The Eastern Front (WWI)
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• War of maneuvers
• Russia offensive into East Prussia o 1st and 2nd armies under Rennenkampf and Samsonov o No communication o Hindenburg and Ludendorff opposed R and S o Battle of Tanneberg – Germans defeated Russians • Russia’s General Plehve advanced into Austria |
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Japan in WWI
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o Allied with England
o Declared war on Germany o Took Germany’s Pacific islands |
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Turkey in WWI
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o Neutral
o Germans wanted to get into Ottoman Empire (oil) – Berlin-Baghdad railroad o British offered to modernize Ottoman navy but took it back because needed ships for war o Wilhelm took the opportunity to sell ships to Turks o Russia declared war on Turkey, who joined Germans |
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Mesopotamia in WWI
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o Churchill’s plan to open up front by taking Gallipoli Peninsula
o Ataturk opposed and British were defeated |
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Middle East in WWI
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o British attacked Iraq
o Took Jerusalem and Damascus and kicked out Turks |
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Africa in WWI
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o Britain won against Germans in South Africa and Cameroon
o Germans held on in East Africa |
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Battle of Jutland
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Britain vs. Germany
only great sea battle of WWI |
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Versailles Treaty
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o Article 231
War Guilt Clause – Germany started war o Indemnity of 20 billion marks o Demilitarization of Rhineland o Internationalization of the Ruhr o Loss of Alsace and Lorraine o Military limitations Reichswehr of 100,000 soliders No combat airplanes or dirigibles No warships larger than 10,000 tons No submarines |
