Mod B-Histo- Blood Formation

Front 1

what happens if it is removed from the circulation?

Back 1

it'll clot

Front 2

blood consists of:

Back 2

serum: yellow clear fluid lacking fibrinogen
blood clot: contains formed elements in a fibrin containing network

Front 3

blood collected in the presence of an anticoagulant- heparin or sodium citrate and centrifuged, gives:???

Back 3

Plasma
buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets
red blood cells: the hematocrit
40-50-% in men
35-45% in womenc

Front 4

composition of plasma

Back 4

92% water
circa 1% ions and small soluble elements
7% protein

Front 5

Main blood plasma proteins?

Back 5

albumin +
globulins -
fibrinogen

Front 6

Formed elements of the blood

Back 6

red blood cells- erythrocytes
white blood cells- leukocytes
--granulocytes
--agranulocytes
platelets- thrombocytes

Front 7

preparation of blood smear? (1)

Back 7

spread a drop of blood (thin layer) on a slide
(approach angle 30-40%)

Front 8

staining of blood cells
poly....

Back 8

1) POST staining, a POLYCHROMATIC romanowsky-type staining technique such as GIEMSA, WRIGHT or LEISHMAN method is used
2)4 things are seen:
basophilia
azurophillia
eosinophilia
neutrophilia

Front 9

staining characteristics in detail:??
baso, leu

Back 9

basophilia- deep blue- DNA(nuc) RNA
azurophilia- purple- lysosomes
eosinophilia-pink- hemoglobin in RBCs
neutrophilia-salmon pink- specific granules of neutrophil leukocytes

Front 10

erythrocytes, men women, per day?

Back 10

bioconcave disks
women- 4.8x10/6 per ul
men- 5.4x10/6 per ul
your body makes 2.5 million RBC every second

Front 11

erythrocytes SIZE

Back 11

7.2um in diameter
macrocytes- diameter > 9um
microcytes- diameter < 6um

Front 12

erythrocytes, nucleus?

Back 12

Enucleated
–endpoint of a developmental series of nucleated precursors
–they are terminally differentiated
–live about 120 days
•No organelles
•Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport only function
→packed with hemoglobin

Front 13

hemoglobin- what is it?

Back 13

-Consists of four polypeptides
•Each of these is attached the prosthetic group heme
•There is one atom of iron at the center of each heme
-One molecule of oxygen can bind to each heme

Front 14

sickle cell disease- what and how?

Back 14

•Inherited alteration in hemoglobin
•Caused by a mutation of one nucleotide in the DNA of the gene for the βchain
•When hemoglobinS is deoxygenated, it polymerizes and forms rigid aggregates
•RBCs lose their normal elasticity

Front 15

result of sickle cell disease?

Back 15

•Sickle cell disease results in several complications
–anemia
–pain
–infections
–stroke

Front 16

who can survice it?

Back 16

Survival advantage to heterozygotesin regions of endemic malaria
AFRICA

Front 17

Thrombocytes. what are they? size? function? no?

Back 17

•Cell fragments
•Smallest formed elements (2-4 μm in diameter)
•Responsible for initial clot formation
•Normal values: 150,000 to 400,000 per μl

Front 18

throbocytes contain? HGO and where

Back 18

•Hyalomere
–peripheral transparent zone
•Granulomere
–central zone containing purple granules
•Open canalicularsystem

Front 19

two types of leukoctytes and their subtypes

Back 19

•Granulocytes
–neutrophils
–eosinophils
–basophils
•Agranulocytes
–lymphocytes
–monocytes

Front 20

neutrophils- nucleus? granules where? percent? phag or not?
SIZE?

Back 20

•Multilobednucleus (polymorphonuclear)
•Granules in cytoplasm
–lysosomes
•Most numerous of granulocytes (60-70%)
•Phagocytic(microphages)
•12-15 μm in diameter

Front 21

eosinophils- nucleus? granules where? percent? phag or not?
SIZE?

Back 21

•Lobulatednuclei (typically bilobed)
•Large granules that attract eosin stain
–major basic protein
•2-4% of leukocytes
•Diameter 12-15μm
•Role in allergic reactions and anti-parasitic functions

Front 22

basophils- nucleus? granules where? percent? phag or not?
SIZE? function?

Back 22

•Rarest cells of blood–less than 1% of leukocytes•Diameter 12-15 μm•Nucleolus divided into lobes•Large specific granules–attract basic dyes–heparin, histamine•Function in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Front 23

lymphocytes- nucleus? granules where? percent? phag or not?
SIZE? function?

Back 23

•20-30% of leukocytes•diameter 6-18 μm•almost no cytoplasm•nucleolus is round, condense and inactive•T cells and B cells are morphologically identical in the unstimulatedor resting state

Front 24

lymphocyte activation?

Back 24

•Activated B cells become plasma cells
•Activated T cells can become helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells

Front 25

monocytes- nucleus? granules where? percent? phag or not?
SIZE? function?

Back 25

•3-8% of leukocytes•Large cells (12-20 μm)•Nucleolus is oval and eccentrically placed•More cytoplasm than lymphocyte•Monocytesleavethebloodandbecomemacrophages

Front 26

differential leukocytes count? changes mean?

Back 26

Neutrophil
60-70%
Eosinophil
2-4%
Basophil
0.5-1%
Lymphocyte
20-30%
Monocyte
3-8%
•Changes in their relative number indicate some disorder

Front 27

hematopoeiesis? prenatal..

Back 27

•Prenatal formation of blood cells:
–commences in the yolk sac
–later, the liver and spleen become dominant sites of hematopoiesis
–from the 5thmonth occurs in bone marrow

Front 28

red bone marrow? h cells are found? stem cells?

Back 28

•Hemopoietic cells surround the vascular sinusoids and are supported by reticular connective tissue
•Stem cells proliferate and develop into either lymhoid multipotential cells or myeloid multipotential cells
•All the various types of blood cells arise from a single type of cell called a pluripotentialstem cell

Front 29

maturation of erythrocytes- erythr...
proerythr...
basophi...
poly..
ortho..

Back 29

•Erythropoietin
–glycoprotein produced in the kidneys, enhances the production of RBCs
•Basophilic erythroblast
–strongly basophilic cytoplasm
–large number of polyribosomes involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin
•Polychromatophilic erythroblas
•Orthochromatic erythroblast
–cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin
•The nucleolus is finally expelled
•Thecell enterscirculationas a reticulocyte, whichstillcontainssomeorganelles
•Proerythroblast
–the first identifiable stage of erythropoiesis
–large, basophilic cell, which contains a large, lightly stained nulceus

Front 30

origin of platelets

Back 30

•Fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
•Megakaryocytes
–are very large cells (up to 160 μm)
–contain large, irregularly lobulatednuclei

Front 31

maturation of granulocytes

Back 31

•Accumulation of nonspecificand specific granules
•Changes in nuclear morphology

Front 32

maturation of monocytes?
monob...
promono...
monoc...

Back 32

•Monoblast
–morphologically identical to the myeloblast
•Promonocyte
–large cell with basophilic cytoplasm
•Monocytes
–enter the bloodstream and then the connective tissues, where they mature into macrophages

Front 33

maturation of lymphocytes?

Back 33

•All lymphocyte progenitor cells originate in the bone marrow.
•Hematopoiesisis controlled by appropriate cytokines and hormones