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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is arterial bleeding?
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bleeding from an artery characterized by bright red blood that is rapid, profuse, and difficult to control.
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what is capillary bleeding?
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bleeding from capillaries which is characterized by a slow, oozing flow of blood.
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what is cardiogenic shock?
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shock or lack of perfusion brought on not by blood loss, but by the hearts inadequate pumping action. It is often the result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure.
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what is compensated shock?
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when the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion.
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when the body can no longer compensate for low blood pressure volume or lack of perfusion, late signs such as decreasing blood pressure make this condition evident.
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decompensated shock
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what is bleeding, especially severe bleeding?
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hemorrhage
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what is hemorrhagic shock?
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shock resulting from blood loss.
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what are substances applied as powders, dressings, gauze, or bandages to open wounds to stop bleeding?
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hemostatic agents
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the bodies inability to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients is called what?
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hypoperfusion
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what is shock resulting from blood fluid loss?
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hypovolemic shock
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what is irreversible shock?
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when the body has lost the battle to maintain perfusion to vital organs. Even if adequate vital signs return, the patient may die days later due to organ failure.
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define perfusion.
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the supply of oxygen to, and removal of wastes from, the body's cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
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What is hypoperfusion due to nerve paralysis (sometimes caused by spinal cord injuries) resulting in the dilation of blood vessels that increases the volume of the circulatory system beyond the point where it can be filled?
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Neurogenic Shock
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what is another term for hypoperfusion?
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shock
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A device used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from an extremity
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tourniquet
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what is bleeding from a vein, characterized by dark red or maroon blood in the study, easy-to-control flow?
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venous bleeding
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what are some early signs of shock?
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restlessness, anxiety, pale skin, and rapid pulse and respirations.
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what happens to a patient who's shock remains uncontrolled?
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a patient's blood pressure falls, as a late sign of shock.
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how do you treat shock?
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recognize shock and transport immediately to a hospital; maintain the airway, administer high concentration oxygen, control bleeding and keep the patient warm.
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how do you determine the severity of external bleeding?
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severity is dependent on the speed and amount of blood lost relative to the patient's size.
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what is characterized as severe bleeding for an adult? children?
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1 liter (1000cc) of blood is considered serious for the average adult.
.5 liters (500cc) for a child. |
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what is the danger of bleeding from the large veins in the neck?
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they may create an air bubble or embolism which may be carried directly to the heart. An air embolism can also cause damage to the brain or lungs if lodged there.
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what is the body's natural response to bleeding?
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constriction of the injured blood vessel and clotting
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what are some signs of shock?
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altered mental status, pale, cool, and clammy skin, nausea and vomiting and vital signs.
vital sign changes include; increasing pulse rate followed by weak, thready pulse. increased respirations becoming more shallow and labored as shock progress. falling blood pressure and a narrowing of the pulse pressure. |
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what are some late signs of shock?
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Thirst, dilated pupils, and in some cases cyanosis around the lips and nail beds.
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what are the major methods of controlling external bleeding?
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direct pressure
elevation hemostatic agent tourniquet other methods include splinting cold application, and use of the pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG) |
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what is a pressure dressing?
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a bulky dressing, held in position with tightly wrapped bandage, which applies pressure to help control bleeding.
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what causes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to leak from the ears or nose?
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traumatic injuries resulting in a fractured skull
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what is epistaxis?
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nosebleeds
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what is the leading cause internal bleeding?
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blunt trauma, including:
Falls motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes auto pedestrian collisions blast injuries |
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what are some mechanisms of penetrating trauma?
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gunshot wounds, stab wounds from an ice pick, screwdriver or some other object and impaled objects
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what are 8 signs of internal bleeding?
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injuries to the body surface
bruising, swelling or pain over vital organs painful swollen, or deformed extremities bleeding from mouth, rectum, vagina other body orifice a tender, rigid or distended abdomen vomiting a coffee-ground-like substance, indicating the presence of blood dark, tarry stools or bright red vomitus. signs and symptoms of shock |
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what is the golden hour?
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a term used to describe the optimal time from the infliction of trauma until receiving definitive treatment in a hospital
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what is another term for maximum on scene time?
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the Platinum 10 minutes.
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what is an abrasion?
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scratch or scrape
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The surgical removal or dramatic severing of a body part, usually an extremity.
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amputation
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what is an avulsion?
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the tearing away or tearing off a piece or flap of skin or other soft tissue. This term also may be used for an eye from its socket or a tooth dislodged from its socket.
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what is the material used to hold the dressing in place?
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a bandage
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What is an internal injury with no open pathway from the outside?
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closed wound
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another term for bruise
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contusion
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what is a crush injury?
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an injury caused when force is transmitted from the body's exterior to its internal structures. Bones can be broken; muscles, nerves, and tissues damaged; and internal organs ruptured, causing internal bleeding.
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The second layer of skin, it is rich in blood vessels and nerves.
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the dermis
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what is a dressing?
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any material used to cover a wound that will help control bleeding and prevent additional contamination
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what is the epidermis?
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the outer layer of skin
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what is a full thickness burn?
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also called the third degree burn, burning in which all 3 layers of the skin are damaged. Marked by charred black or that dry and white areas.
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what is a hematoma?
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a swelling caused by the collection of blood under the skin or in damaged tissues as a result of an injured or broken blood vessel
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another word for cut
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laceration
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what is an occlusive dressing?
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any dressing that forms an airtight seal
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what is an injury in which the skin is interrupted, exposing the tissue beneath?
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an open wound
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what is a partial thickness burn?
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also called a second degree burn, a burn in which the epidermis is burned through and the dermis is damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering and a mottled appearance.
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what is a pressure dressing?
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a dressing applied tightly to control bleeding
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what is a puncture wound?
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an open wound that tears through the skin and destroys underlying tissues. A penetrating puncture wound can be shallow or deep. A perforating puncture wound has both an entrance and an exit wound.
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what is the rule of nines?
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a method for estimating the extent of a burn. For an adult, each of the following areas represents 9% of the body surface; the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity. The remaining 1% is assigned to the genital region.For an infant or child, the percentages are modified so that 18% is assigned to the head, 14% to each lower extremity.
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what is the rule of palm?
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a method for estimating the extent of a burn. The palm of the patient's own hand, which equals about 1% of the body's surface area, is compared with the patient's burns to estimate its size.
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what is the subcutaneous layer?
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layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
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what is a superficial burn?
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a burn that involves only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by reddening of the skin and perhaps some swelling. a common example is a sunburn. Also called a first degree burn.
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what is a universal dressing?
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a bulky dressing.
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list three types of closed, soft-tissue injuries.
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contusions
hematomas closed crush injuries |
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list 7 types of open soft-tissue injuries
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abrasions
lacerations punctures avulsions amputations open crush injuries blast injuries |
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explain when you would remove an object impaled in the cheek and when would, instead, stabilize the object instead.
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if the object has caused perforation and you can see both ends, pull it out in the direction that it entered the cheek. if there is perforation but the tip of the object is also impaled into a deeper structure, like the palate, stabilize the object instead .
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what is the difference between a dressing and a bandage?
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the dressing is a sterile material applied to a wound to control bleeding and prevent contamination. Bandages are used to hold those dressings in place.
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what are the proper steps to care for an open wound?
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expose the wound, control the bleeding, and prevent further contamination.
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what determines burn severity?
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the source of the burn
body regions burned depth of the burn (1st, 2nd, 3rd degree) extent of the burn, (rule of 9's/ Palm) age of the patient (under 5 & over 55) other illnesses/ injuries. |
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how do you care for burns?
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stopping the burning process (using water for a thermal burn), covering a thermal burn with a dry sterile dressing, flushing a chemical burn with sterile water, protecting the airway, administering oxygen, treating for shock, and transporting the patient to a medical facility.
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how do you treat for electrical injuries?
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make sure you in the patient in a safe zone away from electrical hazards, protect the airway, breathing, and circulation. Be prepared to care for respiratory or cardiac arrest. Treat for shock, care for burns, and transport the patient.
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what are the major functions of the integumentary system?
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protection
water balance temperature regulation excretion shock (impact) absorption |
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List 3 ways the chest can be injured.
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blunt trauma
penetrating objects compression |
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describe flail chest
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fracture of to or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment
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what is a sucking chest wound?
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and open chest wound in which air is "sucked" into the chest cavity.
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what is pneumothorax?
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air in the chest cavity from a chest wound or punctured lung that can possibly cause a collapsed lung.
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what is a tension pneumothorax?
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a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is prevented from escaping.
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what is a flutter valve?
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a type of occlusive dressing that seals three sides off a sucking chest wound to prevent air from entering the wound, while allowing air to escape the chest cavity.
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what is a hemothorax?
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blood in the lungs caused from lacerations in the chest cavity produced by penetrating objects or fractured ribs.
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what is hemopneumothorax?
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when both blood and air fill the lungs
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What are 6 types of injuries within the chest cavity?
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pneumothorax
tension pneumothorax hemopneumothorax hemothorax traumatic asphyxia cardiac tamponade |
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what is traumatic asphyxia?
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sudden compression of the chest that occurs when the sternum and ribs exert severe pressure on the heart and lungs forcing blood out of the right atrium and up into the jugular veins in the neck
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what are some signs of traumatic asphyxia?
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discoloration of head, neck, and shoulders bulging eyes
distended neck veins swollen and blue tongue lips and broken blood vessels in the face. |
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what is cardiac tamponade?
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when an injury to the heart causes blood to flow into the surrounding pericardial sac, causing it to fill with blood and compress the chambers of the heart.
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what are some signs of cardiac tamponade?
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distended neck veins
signs of shock narrowed pulse pressure low blood pressure |
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what is commotio cordis?
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blunt trauma to the center of the chest when it is most vulnerable, causing ventricular fibrillation (VF)
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what are some signs of pneumothorax?
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respiratory difficulty
uneven chest wall movement reduction of breath sounds on the affected side of the chest |
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what are some signs of tension pneumothorax?
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all of the signs of pneumothorax as well as:
increasing respiratory difficulties indications of developing shock, including rapid, weak pulse; cyanosis; and low blood pressure due to reduced cardiac output tracheal deviation to the uninjured side |
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what are some signs of hemothorax?
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all the signs of pneumothorax, as well as coughed-up frothy red blood.
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what is an aortic injury and dissection?
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damage to the aorta as a result of blunt trauma, high blood pressure, or other degenerative diseases. In trauma, it is caused when the aorta is severed. In degenerative disease, the walls of the aortic artery begin to tear as a result of a balloon-like protrusion called an aneurysm.
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what are signs of an aortic injury or dissection?
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tearing chest pain radiating to the back
differences in pulse or blood pressure between the right and left the extremities or between the arms and legs palpable pulsating mass (if the abdominal aorta is involved) cardiac arrest |
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how do you treat injuries within the chest cavity?
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maintain an open airway.
be prepared to apply suction. administer high-concentration oxygen. local protocols for dressing an open wound. treat for shock. transport immediately consider advanced life support (als) |
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what is an evisceration?
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an intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen
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what are the 7 hollow organs of the abdomen?
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esophagus - hollow digestive
stomach - hollow digestive small intestine - hollow digestive large intestine - hollow digestive gallbladder - hollow digestive appendix - hollow lymphatic bladder - hollow urinary |
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Name the 4 solid organs of the abdomen?
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pancreas - solid digestive
liver - solid digestive kidneys - solid urinary spleen - solid lymphatic |
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What happens if solid abdominal organs are injured?
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life-threatening amounts of blood loss can occur
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What happens when hollow abdominal organs are injured?
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the contents spelling to the abdominal cavity and cause irritation and peritonitis.
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how do you treat an abdominal injury?
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stay alert for vomiting and keep the airway open.
place the patient on his back, legs flexed at the knees, to reduce pain by relaxing abdominal muscles. administer high-concentration oxygen treat for shock apply the PASG (if protocols allow) give nothing to the patient by mouth as this can induce vomiting or pass through open wounds in the esophagus, stomach, or intestine and enter the abdominal cavity monitor vital signs transport as soon as possible control external bleeding, dress all wounds do not touch or try to replace eviscerated or exposed organs do not remove, rather stabilize impaled objects with bulky dressings |
