Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How did Miller and Keane define "health"?
|
a relative state in which one is able to function well reasonably, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order to express the full range of one's unique potentialities within the environment in which one is living
|
|
|
Who is W.H.O.?
|
World Health Organization
|
|
|
Define disease.
|
a pathological process with a set of signs and symptoms
|
|
|
Define illness.
|
any deviation from the normal health of a person
|
|
|
Disease causes
|
illness
|
|
|
How does W.H.O. define health? And when?
|
1946; a complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing. not just merely the absence of disease.
|
|
|
What is subjective information? Example?
|
Subjective information, when relating to a patient, is the information that he gives us. Pain.
|
|
|
What is objective information? Example?
|
Objective information refers to the things we can see. Blisters.
|
|
|
Define idiopathic.
|
A disease or illness that has no known etiology.
|
|
|
Define etiology.
|
Source.
|
|
|
What are the three stages of illness?
|
transition, acceptance, convalescence
|
|
|
Name characteristics of the transition stage of illness.
|
Denial, self-medication
|
|
|
Name characteristics of the acceptance stage of illness.
|
denial stops, illness, withdrawl from normal responsibilities, s/s increase enough to where medical help is sought
|
|
|
Name characteristics of the convalescence stage of illness.
|
recovery
|
|
|
Define health behavior.
|
any action underatken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in an early or asymptomic stage.
|
|
|
People are dynamic beings, and
|
health status changes hourly.
|
|
|
Who coined the phrase "high level wellness"?
|
Halbert Dunn
|
|
|
High-level wellness is not equivalent to
|
good health.
|
|
|
According to Dunn...
|
each person takes responsibily for and takes an active part in improving and maintaining a state of wellness.
|
|
|
Define illness behavior.
|
any activity a person takes in order to determine his or her actual state of health and to seek out a suitable remedy for a health problem.
|
|
|
Cultural influences can affect how a person feels about certain things. Name a few.
|
Birth/death practices, responses to pain, susceptibility to specific disease, privacy
|
|
|
As nurses, we must not
|
judge.
|
|
|
Name the order of Maslow's Heirarchy
|
Bottom to top, physiologic needs, security and belonging, love, self-esteem, self-actualization
|
|
|
Define homeostasis.
|
The tendency of biologic systems to main stabily of the internal environment by continuously adjusting to changes necessary for survival.
|
|
|
General adaptation syndrome refers to
|
the response by the body to deal with stressors; hormones are secreted
|
|
|
What are the three stages of response in long-term exposure to stress?
|
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
|
|
|
Autonomic
|
not voluntary
|
|
|
The sympathic nerve system controls our
|
flight or fight reactions.
|
|
|
Define an acute illness.
|
an illness that develops suddenly and resovles in a short time.
|
|
|
Define a chronic illness.
|
An illness that developes slowly over a long period and lasts throughout life.
|
|
|
Define primary illness.
|
An illness that develops without being caused by another health issue.
|
|
|
Define a secondary illness.
|
an illness that is caused by some other health concern.
|
|
|
Define stressor.
|
An adverse stimulus.
|
|
|
Stress disturbs..
|
homeostasis
|
|
|
Name a few common physical effects of stress.
|
Increased heartrate, incresed blood press, tremors, excessive sweating, frequent urination
|
|
|
Name a few psychological effects of stress.
|
Confusion, forgetfulness, irritability, depression
|
|
|
Name a few stress related diseases or disorders.
|
Headaches, back pain, asthma, cancer, sexual dysfunction
|
|
|
Name a few common patient stressors.
|
General uncomfortness caused by hospital gowns, monetary issues, having different personnel providing care
|
|
|
What is the nursing process?
|
A way of thinking and acting based on the scientific process
|
|
|
What are the five components of the nursing process?
|
Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
|
|
|
What happens in the assessment?
|
Data is collected and organized, and documented.
|
|
|
Where can data about a patient come from?
|
The patient, family, physician and medical records
|
|
|
In the planning component...
|
goals are stated with specific outcomes. Nurse and patient collaborate.
|
|
|
When setting priorities for the nursing care plan
|
refer to Maslow's Heirarchy.
|
|
|
Name the five vital signs.
|
temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, pain
|
|
|
Why are vital signs important?
|
Vital signs give indications as to the current health status of the patient and clues to changes in conditions as they occur.
|
|
|
Heat is..
|
a by product of metabolism
|
|
|
What is BMR?
|
Basal metabolic rate
|
|
|
BMR is affected by what?
|
thyroid hormone
|
|
|
What are the other three hormones affecting metabolic rate?
|
Epinephrine, Nrepinephrine, Testosterone
|
|
|
Men have a higher BMR? T/F
|
True. Testosterone.
|
|
|
The body temperature is controlled by
|
the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
Fever is also called
|
pyrexia, febrile state
|
|
|
When the body temperature decreases...
|
peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering occur.
|
|
|
An increase in body temperature...
|
causes peripheral vasodilation and diaphoresis.
|
|
|
Define diaphoresis.
|
Sweating.
|
|
|
Heat loss occurs through the skin's exposure by means of these four methods. What are they?
|
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation.
|
|
|
How much water loss is caused by heat loss by means of evaporation?
|
800 mL
|
|
|
Rectal temperatures are...
|
one degree F higher than oral
|
|
|
Name a few of the factors affecting temperature measurements.
|
Time of day, environmental temperature, age, phsyical exercise, menstrual cycle, eating or drinking.
|
|
|
Pyrexia is defined as...
|
A temperature higher than 100.2 F
|
|
|
Pyrexia occurs when...
|
the normal regulation mechanisms cannot keep up with heath produced by the body.
|
|
|
Name a few nursing interventions to reduce fever.
|
increased fluid intake, lower room temperature, removal of covers, antipyretics
|
|
|
Hypothermia is defined as..
|
body temperature lower than 94 F
|
|
|
Who is at risk for hypothermia?
|
Infants, surgical patients in OR, elderly, anyone exposed to extreme cold or immersed in water.
|
|
|
What causes pulse?
|
Cardiac contractions that cause a pressure wave against the walls of arteries.
|
|
|
What causes cardiac contractions?
|
SA node
|
|
|
How much blood is propelled with each contraction?
|
Usually 60 to 70 mL
|
|
|
Define stroke volume.
|
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta per heartbeat.
|
|
|
Stroke volume affects
|
pulse character.
|
|
|
cardiac output =
|
stroke volume x heart rate
|
|
|
Heart rate is affected by...
|
pain, fever, hypoxia, anxiety, cardiac disease, exercise
|
|
|
In the eldery, the pulse may
|
have arrythmias.
|
|
|
A few factors affecting pulse rate are...
|
Age, size, BP, drugs, emotions, blood loss, body temperature, pain, hypoxia
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
|
Restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia/tachypnea, bradycardia, dyspnea
|
|
|
Respirations are an
|
automoic function
|
|
|
What brain centers control respiration?
|
Medulla and pons
|
|
|
What are the organs of respiration?
|
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
|
|
|
Respiratory center works by..
|
feedback mechanisms
|
|
|
Define eupnea.
|
Normal breathing.
|
|
|
Define dyspnea
|
Difficulty breathing.
|
|
|
Define tachypnea.
|
Fast breathing.
|
|
|
Define hyperventilation.
|
increase in rate and depth
|
|
|
Define Cheyne-Stokes.
|
gradually become more shallow and are follwed by periods of apnea
|
|
|
Define apnea.
|
Lack of respirations.
|
|
|
Define Kussmaul's.
|
increased rate and depth with panting and grunting
|
|
|
Define Biot's
|
shallow for a few breaths, with variable apnea.
|
|
|
Define crackles
|
nonmusical, abnormal sound heard, aka rales.
|
|
|
Define rhonchi.
|
continous dry, rattling sounds
|
|
|
What causes rhonci respirations?
|
Partial obstruction
|
|
|
Define stertor
|
snore-like sound that occurs when patients are unable to cough up scretions
|
|
|
Define stridor.
|
Shrill, harsh sound on inspiration
|
|
|
What causes stridor?
|
Obstruction of upper air passages, i.e. lyryngitis or croup
|
|
|
Define wheezes.
|
Musical-like sound
|
|
|
What is blood pressure?
|
The pressure exerted on the arterial walls by the pumping action of the heart.
|
|
|
Changes with blood pressure as we age is..
|
normal.
|
|
|
What is systolic pressure?
|
The top number; pressure exerted on the arterial wall
|
|
|
What is diastolic pressure?
|
Bottom number; the pressure exerted on the arterial wall between contractions.
|
|
|
If the blood volume decreases beyond the vasular beds ability to compenstate...
|
blood pressure decreases and causes dehydration and hemorrhage.
|
|
|
What happens to temperature as aging occurs?
|
decrease
|
|
|
What happens to respiratory rates as aging occurs?
|
decrease
|
|
|
What happens to blood pressure as aging occurs?
|
increase
|
|
|
Who recongizes pain as the fifth vital sign?
|
JCAHO
|
|
|
When assessing pain, we should include...
|
Location, intensity, character, frequency, duration
|
|
|
A physical assessment is performed
|
on admission, and on a continous basis, every shift.
|
|
|
What is included in a primary nursing function?
|
health history, demographic data, psycholocial data, physical exam
|
|
|
What are the tools for a phsyical assesment?
|
Inspect, Ausculation, Palpation, Percussion
|
|
|
What do we visually observe in a physical assessment?
|
general appearance, contours of the body, skin tone and color, deformities and weakness
|
|
|
Why do we use palpation?
|
to ascretain size, shape, and position of body parts; texture and temperature; spasm presence
|
|
|
What is percussion?
|
A light, quick tapping on the body surface that produces sounds.
|
|
|
When using the stethoscope to listen to lung sounds...
|
use the diaphragm and ausculate all lobes
|
|
|
When using the stethoscope to listen to heart sounds...
|
use the diaphragm for normal S1-S2 (lub-dub), and bell for some abnormalities.
|
|
|
What are the five areas for listening to the heart?
|
Aortic, pulmonic, Erb's point, tricuspid, mitral
|
|
|
Aortic
|
Right, 2nd intercostal
|
|
|
Pulmonic
|
Left 2nd intercostal
|
|
|
Erbs's point
|
Left 3rd intercostal
|
|
|
Tricuspid
|
Left, sternal border, 4th intercostal
|
|
|
Mitral
|
Left, 5th intercostal, midclavicular
|
|
|
RNS Hope
|
Assessment of areas of basic needs: rest, nutrition, safety, hygiene, oxygenation, psychosocial, elimination
|
