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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of Total War (WWI)
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- Greeted enthusiastically, national unity, each nation thought they were in the "right." Support of the masses and working class (early)
- Each country experienced a relentless, desperate demand for men and weapons. Each country economic life and organization had to change fast to keep the war machines going. (after only a few months) |
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Total War
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- Each country's govt. began to plan and control economic and social life in order to wage total war
- Govt. planning boards established priorities and decided what was to be produced and consumed - Rationing, price and wage controls, even workers' freedom were imposed - Great nations all moved toward planned economies establised by the political leadership |
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What did Total War Yield
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- An effective - therefore, destructive - war effort on all sides
- Did strengthen the cause of socialism - Germany went the furthest in developing a planned economy to wage total war |
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Germany's "War Raw Materials Board"
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- Walter Rathenau, Jewish industrialist in charge of Germany's electric company, convinced the govt. to set up
- Ration and distribute raw materials - Every useful material was rationed and inventoried (manure to foreign oil) - Successful substitutes, synthetic rubber and synthetic nitrates, were used to make explosives - Recycling campaign (fruit peels, women's hair) - men and women doing hard labor were given extra rations |
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Germany's failures
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- Failed to tax war profits of private firms heavily enough
- Contributed to mass deficit financing, inflation, the growth of the black market and re-emergence of class conflict |
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German Leadership in 1917
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- Chancellor Hollweg was driven from office in 1917
- Hindenburg and Ludendorff became the real rulers of Germany - Decreed the ultimate mobilization for total war - Hindenburg said Germany could win only if all treasures of our soil that agriculture and industry can produce and used exclusively for the war |
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Auxiliary Service Law
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- 1916, brought before the Reichstag
- All males between 17 and 60 had to work only at jobs considered critical for the war effort, was also aimed at women and children - Many women followed |
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First Totalitarian Society in Germany
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- Established as a result total war
- War production increased while some people starved to death |
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Great Britain
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- Mobilized less rapidly and less completely than Germany
- Imported materail from its empire and U.S. |
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Ministry of Munitiions
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- Formed under David Lloyd George, Great Britain in 1915
- Shortage of Munitions - Organized a private industry to produce for the war, controlled profits, allocated labor, fixed wage rates, and settled labor disputes - by 1916 GB was largely planned and regulated and followed successfully in Germany's footsteps |