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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DEFINE BODY MECHANICS
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COORDINATED EFFORTS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL AND NERVOUS SYS. IN MOVING AND LIFTING THE BODY
ASSISTS IN MAINTAINING BALANCE, POSTURE AND BODY ALIGNMENT |
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BODY ALIGNMENT AND POSTURE ARE THE SAME.
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REFER TO THE POSITIONING OF THE JOINTS TENDONS LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES WHILE STANDING SITTING AND LYING.
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BODY ALIGNMENT MEANS THAT THE CENTER OF GRAVITY IS STABLE AND BODY STRAIN IS MINIMIZED
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BODY ALIGNMENT CONTRIBUTES TO BODY BALANCE
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DEFINE FRICTION
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A FORCE THAT OCCURS IN A DIRECTION TO OPPOSE MOVEMENT
FRICTION MUST BE OVERCOME WHEN THE NURSE TURNS OR MOVES A PT UP IN BED |
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FRICTION CAN BE REDUCED BY LIFTING A PT INSTEAD OF PUSHING THE PT
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LIFT INSTEAD OF PUSH
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LONG BONES CONTRIBUTE TO
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HEIGHT
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PT'S W/ DECREASED CALCIUM REGULATION AND METABOLISM ARE AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING
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OSTEOPOROSIS AND PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES ( CAUSED BY WEAK BONE TISSUE)
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JOINTS
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THE CONNECTIONS BTWN BONES
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SYNOSTIC JOINT
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BONES JOINTED BY BONES
NO MOVEMENT IE THE SACRUM WHERE VERTEBRAE ARE JOINED |
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CARTILAGENOUS JOINT ( AKA SYNCHONODIAL )
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LITTLE MOVEMENT, IT IS ELASTIC AND USES CARTILEDGE TO UNITE BODY SURFACES
IE THE JOINTS BTWN THE STERNUM AND RIBS |
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FIBROUS JOINT ( SYNDESMODIAL )
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TWO BONY SURFACES ARE UNITED BY A LIGAMENT OR MEMBRANE
LIMITED AMT OF MOVEMENT IE THE PAIRED BONES OF THE OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA |
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SYNOVIAL JOINT
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TRUE JOINT
FREELY MOVABLE |
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LIGAMENTS
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WHT , SHINY, FLEXIBLE BANDS OF FIBROUS TISSUE THAT BIND JOINTS TOGETHER.
THEY ARE ELASTIC AND AID IN JOINT FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT |
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TENDONS
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STRONG, FLEXIBLE AND INELASTIC
ACHELIS TENDON IS THE STRONGEST AND THICKEST IN THE BODY |
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CARTILEDGE
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NONVASCULAR...IT IS ALSO UNOSSIFIED ( NOT HARD ) EXCEPT FOR PT'S W/ OSTEOARTHRITIS AND ELDERLY PT'S
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CONCENTRIC TENSION
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MUSCLE CONTRACTION CAUSES MUSCLE SHORTENING ...RESULTING IN MOVEMENT
IE ..WHEN A PT USES THE TRAPEZE TO PULL UP IN BED |
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ECCENTRIC TENSION
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HELPS CONTROL THE SPEED AND DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT.
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CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR ACTIVE MOVEMENT AND ARE THEREFORE REFERRED TO AS DYNAMIC OR ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
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ISOTONIC CONTRACTION + CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC
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ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION ( STATIC CONTRACTION)
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CAUSES AN INCREASE IN MUSCLE WORK...NO MOVEMENT OF THE MUSCLE
ENERGY EXPENDITURE IS INCREASED ( EX OF THE CAR IN NEUTRAL, REVING THE GAS) IE TIGHTENING AND RELAXING THE BUTT MUSCLES |
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WHAT KIND(S) OF MOVEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
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A COBO OF ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
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leverage
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WHEN BONES AND JOINTS WORK TOGETHER AND ACT AS A LEVER
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MUSCLES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POSTURE ARE
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SHORT, FEATHERLIKE
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MUSCLE TOME
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THE NORMAL STATE OF BALANCED MUSCLE TENSION.
TENSION IS ACHIEVED BY ALTERNATE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION....W/O ACTIVE MOVEMENT OF NEIGHBORING FIBERS |
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WHICH SYSTEMS REGULATE POSTURE
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MOVEMENT AND POSTURE ARE REGULATED BY THE NERVOUS SYS.
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SCOLIOSIS
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THE LATERAL S CURVEATURE OF THE SPINE...UNEQUAL HEIGHTS OF HIPS AND SHOULDERS
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THE NORMAL INDIVIDUAL LOSES ____ % OF MUSCLE EACH AND EVERY DAY THEY'RE IMMOBILE
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3%
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WHEN MORE NITROGEN IS EXCRETED THAN IS , THE BODY IS SAID TO HAVEINGESTED IN PROTEINS
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NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE
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PROTEIN LOSS LEADS TO
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MUSCLE LOSS
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IMMOBILITY CAUSES THE RELEASE OF CALCIUM INTO CIRCULATION
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CALCIUM RESORPTION ( LOSS) RESULTS IN URINARY EXCRETION OF CALCIUM INCREASES
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USUALLY, THE KIDNEYS ARE ABLE TO HANDLE EXCESS CALCIUM EXCRETION,,,HOWEVER IF THEY CAN'T....HYPERCALCEMIA RESULTS
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NOTE
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CLASSIFICATION FOR ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION ( BP )
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A DROP OF 20 MM HG SYS, A DROP OF 10 MMHG IN DIASTOLIC
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WHAT ARE THE RESULTS OF ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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DECREASED VENOUS RETURN
DECREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT A DECLINE IN BP THE HEART WORKS HARDER AND LESS EFFICIENT DURING PERIODS OF PROLONGED REST AS IMMOBILIZATION INCREASES ...CARDIAC OUTPUT FALLS, DECREASING CARDIAC EFFICIENCY AND INCREASING WORKLOAD |
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BECAUSE OF PROTEIN BREAKDOWN , THE PT LOSES LEAN BODY MASS WHICH IS COMPOSED PARTIALLY OF MUSCLE
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MUSCLE WEAKNESS ALWAYS OCCURS WITH IMMOBILITY...PROLONGED IMMOBILITY OFTEN LEADS TO MUSCLE ATROPHY
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IMMOBILITY CAUSES TWO SKELETAL CHANGES ..THEY ARE
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IMPAIRED CALCIUM METABOLISM AND JOINT ABNORMALITIES
BECAUSE IMMOBILIZATION RESULTS IN RESORPTION ,,,THE BONE TISSUE IS LESS DENSE OR IS ATROPHIED AND DISUSE OSTEOPOROSIS OCCURS |
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OSTEOPOROSIS
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80% WOMEN
20% MEN |
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FOOTDROP
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THE FOOT IS PERMANENTLY FIXED IN PLANTAR FLEXION
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URINARY OUTPUT MAY DECLINE ON OR ABOUT THE 5TH OR 6TH DAY AFTER IMMOBILIZATION, AND THE URINE IS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED ( INCREASES THE RISK FOR CALCULI FORMATION)
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NOTE
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HOW IS A PRESSURE ULCER INITIALLY CHARACTERIZED
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USUALLY BY INFLAMMATION AND FORMS OVER A BONY PROMINENCE
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PRESSURE ULCERS
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ISCHEMIA ( DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY) DEVELOPS WHEN THE PRESSURE ON THE SKIN IS GREATER THAN THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THE SKIN
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PRESSURE AFFECTS CELLULAR METABOLISM BY DECREASING OR OBLITERATING TISSUE CIRCULATION
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TO PREVENT SKIN BREAKDOWN...A PT SHOULD BE TURNED EVERY 2 HRS AT A MINIMUM
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A PASSIVE PT ALLOWS THE NURSE TO PERFORM CARE...BUT ISN'T INTERESTED IN INCREASING INDEPENDENCE OR INV. IN CARE
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NOTE
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NURSING ASSESSMENT IS PRESENTED IN TWO SECTIONS
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MOBILITY AND IMMOBILITY...BOTH ARE ASSESSED DURING THE COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAM
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GENERALLY, THE NURSE STARTS ASSESSING MOVEMENT WHILE THE PT IS
LYING----> SITTING ON BED---> TRANSFER TO CHAIR---> GAIT |
THIS PROVIDES SAFETY TO THE PT
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SAGI T T AL PLANE
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DIVIDES BODY INTO LT AND RT
MOVEMENTS ARE FLEXION AND EXTENSION ( FINGERS AND ELBOWS) |
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FRONTAL PLANE
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FRONT AND BACK
ABDUCTION / ADDUCTION IE ARMS AND LEGS |
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TRANSVERSE PLANE
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DIVIDES THE BODY INTO UPPER AND LOWER
PRONATION AND SUPINATION |
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ACTIVITY TOLERANCE ASSESSMENT INCLUDES
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DATA FROM PHYSIOLOGICAL EMOTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS
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HOW DOES A NURSE ASSESS FOR A DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
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REMOVE STOCKINGS EVERY 8 HRS, OBSERVE THE CALVES FOR REDNESS, WARMTH, AND TENDERNESS
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SKIN SHOULD BE ASSESSED EVERY 2 HRS
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NOTE
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WHEN EXPERIENCING A PULMONARY EMBOLI, WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOM
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CONFUSION IS THE PRIMARY SYMPTOM
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PROPHYLAXIS
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TO PREVENT DISEASE,,,RATHER THAN TO TREAT A DISEASE
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COMMON DOSE OF HEPRIN ( ANTI COAGULANT)
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5000 UNITS
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IF A PT HAS AN IMMOBILE LOWER EXTREMITY,,,THE TRANSFER SHOULD BE TOWARDS
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THE UNAFFECTED LEG
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PASSIVE ROM EXCERCISES SHOULD BE REPEATED
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5 TIMES DURING THE SESSION
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PASSIVE ROM EXCERCISES ARE PERFORMED USING
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A HEAD TO TOE SEQUENCE, MOVING FROM LARGER TO SMALLER JOINTS
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HEMIPLEGIA
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ONE SIDED PARALYSIS
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HEMIPARESIS
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ONE SIDED WEAKNESS
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THE NURSE ALWAYS STANDS ON THE PT'S __________ SIDE
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AFFECTED
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