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143 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
advocacy
action taken on behalf of, or in concert with, individual families, or populations to create or support an environment
that promotes health
case finding the process of identifying individual cases
the process of identifying individuals cases or occurrences of specific diseases or there health-related requiring services
case-finding
a health professional who coordinates and directs the selection and use of health care services to meet client needs, maximize resource utilation, and minimize the expense the expense of care
primary prevention
* Prevention of the occurrence of a condition or problem
* Health promotion
* illness and injury prevention
Secondary Prevention
* Screening
* Diagnosis
* Treatment
Tertiary Prevention
* Prevention of consequences
* Treatment of Consequences
* Prevention of recurrence
what are the 6 dimensions of nursing
1- Cognitive Dimension
2; interpersonal dimensions
3; ethical dimension
4; skills dimensions
5; process dimension
6; reflective dimension
what is process dimension
dimension of nursing?
* Nursing process
* Epidemiologic process
* Health education process
* home visit process
* Case Manager process
* Change process
* Leadership process
* Group process
* Political process
what are the 6 Dimensions of health?
Biophysical Dimension
Psychological Dimension
Physical Environmental Dimension
Behavioral Dimension
Health System Dimesion
what are the Biophysical Dimension
* Age and developmental level
* Genetics
* Physiologic function
what are the psychological dimension
* internal psychological environment
* External psychological psychological
* External psychological enviroment
what are the Physical environmental
Dimension
* Physical environmental
* Environmental Dimensions
developmental milestones
critical behaviors expected at specific age
anticipatory guidance
providing information to parents and other regarding behavioral expectations of children and adolescents at a specific age, before they reach that age
what is index of suspicion?
an estimation of the likelihood that a disease or problem may exist, based on abroad foundation of the signs and symptoms of a variety of health problems and their contributing factors
population-based practice
practice that "focuses on entire populations, is grounded in community assessment, considers all health determinants, emphasizes prevention, and intervenes at multiple levels"
populations
groups of people who may or may not interact with each other
primary prevention
"measures designed to promote general optimum health or...the specific protection of man against disease agents"; action taken prior to the occurrence of health problems and directed toward avoiding their occurrence
secondary prevention
the early identification and treatment of existing health problems; taken place after the health problem has occurred
tertiary prevention
activity aimed at returning the client to the highest level of function and preventing further deterioration in health
diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
a mechanism for prospective payment for services provided under Medicare, in which health care institutions are paid a flat fee set in advance under Medicare, based on the client's diagnosis
missionary nurses
nurses whose role was to provide nursing care and religious instruction for the sick poor
nursing interventions classification (NIC)
a system designed to categorize nursing services and facilitate their direct reimbursement
Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
a system that will allow nurses to document the effective of intervention
variolation
process in which material from smallpox lesions was inoculated into the skin, nose or veins of a healthy person
visiting nurse associations
groups of nurses who provided health care to community members through visits to clients in their homes or other locations
agent
primary cause of a health-related condition
case fatality rate
the percentage of persons with a condition who die as a result of it
causality
the concept idea that one event is the results of another event
conceptual model
a schematic or verbal picture of the interrelationships that exist among concepts
determinants of health
the broad categories of factors that health and illness
epidemiology
the study of the distribution of health and illness within a population, factors that determine the population's health status, and use of that knowledge generated
anticipatory guidance
providing information to parents and others regarding behavioral expectations of children and adolescents at a specific age, before they reach that age
what is index of suspicion
an estimation of the likelihood that a disease or problem may exist, based on a broad foundation of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of a variety of health problems and their contributing factors
what is a policy advocate
a person or group of people who work for and argue on behalf of policy formation or changes in policy formation or changes in policy that influence the health of population groups
what is the job of Liaison
a person who provides a connection, relationship, or intercommunication between a client and an element of the health care system
what is population oriented role?
community health nursing roles directed toward promoting, maintaining, and restoring the health of the population include those of case finder, leader and change agent
what is primary care?
essential health care services made universally accessible to al; consists of initial care provided to clients at their point of entry into the health care system
what is program-focused nursing?
a service delivery system in which nurses focus their activities and efforts on specifically designated health problems or specific target populations
what is referral?
the process of directing clients to resources to resources required to meet their needs
what is a role model?
someone who consciously or unconsciously demonstrates behavior to others who will perform a similar role
what is a researcher role?
a person who explores phenomena observed in the world with the intent of understanding, explaining, and ultimately controlling them
what is social marketing
the application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, ,execution, evaluation of program designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences to improve their personal welfare or that of their society
what is aggregates?
subpopulations within the lager population that possess some common characteristics, often r/to high risk for specific health problems
what is community?
a group of people who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns
what is a community of identity?
community with a common identity and interests
what is geopolitical communities?
communities characterized by geographic and jurisdictional boundaries ,such as a city
what is a neighborhood?
smaller, more homogeneous group than a community; involves an interface with others living nearby and level of identification with those others
what is population health?
the attainment of the greatest possible biologic, psychological, and social well-being of the population as am entity and of its individual members
what is herd immunity?
the level of protection provided to unimmunized people when immunization rates are high among the rest of population
what is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a condition resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and characterized by growth retardation, facial malformations, and central nervous system dysfunctions that may include mental retardation
what is development?
a process of patterned, orderly, and lifelong change is structure, thought or behavior that occurs as a results of physical or emotional maturation
what is the Denver Development Screening Test (DDST)
a test of age-specific development in four areas:

fine motor
gross motor
personal-social,
language development
population-based practice
practice that focuses on entire populations, is grounded in community assessment,"", considers all health determinants, emphasizes prevention, and intervenes at multiple levels
host
the client system affected by a particular health-related condition
incidence
the number of new cases of a particular condition identified during a specified period of time
metaparadigm
a global overview or explanation of a discipline
morbidity
the ratio of the number of cases of a disease or condition to the number of people in the population
the nurse is designing a program for pregnant adolescents in the community. The program will focus on fetal develop, appropriate nutrition, developing social support systems, and screening for potential abuse by partners or others. This is an example of ?

a; community based nursing.
b; community health nursing
c; community focused care.
d; community driven care
community health nursing
the nurse meets with members of the community in open forums to help determine ways to improve health. The nurse Identifies health problems in the community based on the community input and personal community assessment. In this situation, the nurse is practicing?

a; community focused care.
b; community oriented care
c; public health nursing
d; community driven care
a; community focused care
The nurse holds community forums to gain input in determining health needs for the community. The community input discusses nutrient education, but the nurse notices that many community members are outside smoking entering the building. the nurse acknowledges the importance of nutritional education but addresses the community about also incorporating smoking cessation education as part of a total lifestyle choice program. the nurse is practicing;

a; population focused nursing
b; community focused nursing
c; community driven nursing
d; public health nursing
c; community focused nursing
what is district nursing?
a mode of service delivery inn which each CHN was responsible for addressing all heath needs of a given population. Services included health promotion and education, and often illness care for all the people residing in the nurse's '---------' whatever their age, ethnicity, or economic level.
what is program-focused nursing?
Is a service delivery system in which nurses focus their actives and efforts on specifically designated health problems or specific target populations. nurses became specialties in a single area
what is community health nursing
is a synthesis of nursing knowledge and practice and the science and practice of public health, implemented via systemic use of the nursing process and other process to promote health
what is community=driven care?
care focus on the needs of the community as a whole and emphasizes community participation in determining those needs?
what is community-focused nursing?
bringing of nursing knowledge and expertise to the community
what is community-driven care?
care focused of needs of community as a whole and emphasizes community participation in determining those needs
following a natural disaster in a community, the community nurse focuses the care given on addressing the mental health needs and assessing stress levels in a community. This is?

a; community advocacy
b; community oriented nursing
c; program-focused nursing
d; public health nursing
c; program focused
The community health nurse assesses the community for potential observations and community input, the nurse creates nursing DX for the community and plans programs for implementation the address these health concerns. included in these programs is a method that evaluates outcomes. what method is the nurse utilizing?

a; Quad Council health competencies
b; Council of Linkages competencies
c; nurse generalist level of practice
d. ANA Public Health Nursing: Scope and standards of Practice
ANA Public Health Nursing: scope and Standards of Practice
the 8 domains of competencies for community health nursing;

a; must all be incorporated into any particular CHN position and include advanced public health practice .

b; reflect the practice of experienced CHN at only specialist level and include cultural competence.

c; reflect the practice of the experienced community health nurse at the generalist level and exclude communication.

d; include expectations, which range from awareness through knowledge to proficiency and include financial planning.
d
the community health nurse is helping the client ID alternative solutions. The best description of the primary focus of nursing and of the nurse's role in this situation is?

a; population-oriented and counselor.
b; delivery-oriented and case manager.
c; client-oriented and educator.
d; client-oriented and counselor.
D
the roles of CHN are categorized based on the primary focus of nursing care. the difference between delivery-oriented roles as compared to the client-oriented and population-oriented roles is that delivery-oriented roles is that delivery-oriented roles are?

a; more involved in provision of services than client-and population-oriented roles.
b; focused on coalition building and researching.
c; designed to enhance operations of the health care delivery system.
d; more concerned with developing policies.
c
the best example of a client-oriented role would be the nurse who?

a; determines the need for policy development
b; motivates followers to take action
c; assesses the client's health status
d; determines who is providing care to the client
C
A school health program has been designed for elementary schools in the community. This type of care focuses on the?

a; neighborhood
b; population
c; aggregate
d. community
C
the national health objective to improve the health status of the population is generally put on a timetable of?

a; 5 years, so that appropriate revisions can be made.
b; 10years, to fully assess the effectiveness of objectives achievement.
c; 12 years to allow time to develop new objectives
d; 7 years to allow for sufficient time to assess objective achievement
B
approaches to population health have been characterized as "public health reolutions" Personal behavior change to promote individual and population health is considered the?

a; 1st revolution
b; 2ndrevolution
c; 3rd revolution
d; 4th revolution
B
An example of primary prevention is?

a; developing nutrition education programs for school-age populations.
b; screening school-age population for cholesterol
c; advocating for legislation for outpatient, mental health services.
d; developing health programs for treating obesity
A
the goal of intial population health objectives formulated by the department of health and human services (DHHS) in 1980 was to:

a; identify determinants of health
b; eliminate health disparities among the population
c; increase the span of healthy life
d; reduce mortality
D
Community discussion has focused on the effect of diabetes on the population because a predominantly AA area of the city has recorded a higher incidence of diabetes. The focus of the community nurse's efforts should be on the?

a; community
b; population
c; aggregate
d; neighborhood.
\
D
one of the highlight's of the nurse's practice is participating as a health volunteer for an annual re-enactment of a civil war battle. The population focus for the nurse in this situation is the?

a; community
b; population
c; aggregate
d; neigborhood
A;
the best definition of population health is where the population;

a; is capable of attaining the best possible biologic, psychological,"", and sociologic outcomes for its members.

b; displays aggregated indicators of individual well-being

c; has a process to improve quality of life.

d; has low rates of illness, and systems to address potential health problems.
A
The nurse wants totarget care to improve the health status of the community and uses summary indicatirs of health as a method to measure health status. approach is?

a; descriptive
b; analytic
c; biomechanical
d; holistic
A
the nurse decides to use an analytic approach to address a community's health status. the analytic approach is best described as?

a; utilizing health indicators to define population health.
b; focusing on the community's health problems
c; viewing factors that influence health which will direct interventions to improve health status.
d; addressing the factors that influence health
C
Insurance expenditures for health spending led to the development of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in effort to control spending. DRG's provided the driving force for health efforts to be directed toward?

a; placing the emphasis on the community to improve population health status.

b; decreasing length of stays for hospitalizations.
c; emphasizing health of stays for hospitalizations.
d; organizing services to be more cost-effective
C
community health nursing utilizes theory to?

a; provide evaluations for community nursing interventions.
b; explain community health problems.
c; provide statistical data for assessing the health status of a community.
d; evaluate health status and use the nursing process to improve health.
D
after a disaster has affected a community, recovery efforts are focused on supporting the community's existing strengths to restore it to its best level of optimal functioning. Neumann's nursing model identifies this as:

a; reconstitution
b; the line of resistance
c; the normal line of defense
d; the flexible line of defense
A;
(________ involves stabilization of the system & movement back toward the normal line of defense. The normal line of defense may be stabilized @ level either higher or lower than that prior to penetration)
Based on an assessment of health needs of local musicians in a community, a heath clinic recently opened and provided "one-stop" health care to this local population. This innovation in the inventions wheel model would be at the?

a; community level;
b systems level
c; group level
d; individual level
B
in the community-as-a-partner model, the nurse assesses the health status of the community core and factors in related subsystems that affect health by?

a; participating with members of the community.
b; applying the levels of prevention.
c; using the web of causation
d; evaluating the community in terms of it health statistics
A
various models are used by community health nurses to provide care for the community. The most effective model for community health nurses is the?

a; Health Belief Model
b; Conceptual model
c; epidemiologic model
d; Nursing model
D
what is best explanation for the use of epidemiology as a cornerstone of community health?

a; It provides an overall plan to address a community's health needs.
b; it links cause and effect determines of a communities health status.
c; it studies distribution of health and illness as well as its factors in a population and uses this knowledge to control development of a community's health problems.
d; Its monitors communicable illness that can affect a community's health
C
the number of cases of diabetes in the community has remained stable during the last year. In January, ten new DX of diabetes were confirmed in the community. this represents?

a; incidence
b; case rate
c; prevalence
d; morbidity
A;
the nurse is compiling childhood statistics and finds that the morbidity for chicken pox is higher for the community by comparison to local county. This means there?

a; are new cases of chicken pox in the community
b; has been a rise in the number of children with chicken pox during a specified period of time in the community.
c; is large group of children affected by chicken pox in the community
d; is larger % of children with chicken pox in the community.
B
Prevalence is a community of 65,000 with?

a; 2,500 known cases of asthma.
b; 15 cases of asthma than the rest of the state.
c; a higher # od cases of asthma than the rest of the state.
d; a higher % od deaths resulting from asthma than the rest of the state
A
an example of the epidemiological trait is_____?

a; potato salad, outdoor picnic and food poisoning
b; sun, beach, and sunburn
c; rural Mississippi, deer and Lyme dx
d; standing water, mosquitoes, and warm weather
A
a "web of causation" can be

a; mosquitoes, West Nile virus, and decreased mosquito spraying.
b; an oil refinery, flare emissions, and asthma.
c; the adolescent pregnancy rate, lower socioeconomic status and education, and close friends with infants.
d; access to alcohol, decreased enforcement of minors, and attractive media portrayal of alcohol that contributes to adolescent alcohol usage.
D
the epidemiologic triad and Dever's epidemiologic model share all of the following features except consideration of?

a; environmental factors in health
b; physiologic factors.
c; the effects of health system factors on health
d; psychological factors affecting health.
C
After a hurricane has devastated an area, the US Public Health service sends a group of health care workers to open satellite clinics in the area. this action is best considered?

a; ensuring quality and accessibility of needed health care services.
b; preventing injury
c; promoting healthy behavior and good mental health.
d; preventing epidemics and the spread of disease.
A
an example of diagnosing and investigating health problems and hazards in the community is which choice?

a; Lobbying the local fuel plant to decrease its emissions.
b; informing the local health department about the increased rise in asthma attacks
c; Correlating pediatric attacks
d; Providing asthma education programs to local elementary school teachers
c
a member of the community with TB refuses to be compliant with his TB TX protocol and is sent to a minimum security correctional facility to ensure that the TB medications are done with directly with directly observed therapy (DOT) by the medical personnel there. The client initiates legal action to prevent this from happening but is overruled by the judge, Which government level of authority authorizes this power?

a; state government
b; Federal government
c; county government
d; Local government
A
____retains the ultimate responsibility for health of the public and possesses essential power to make laws and regulations regarding health.
after doing a community assessment, the nurse lobbies for and succeeds in obtaining a governmental l grant to fund an immunization clinic in a community with inadequate well-child care services. This is called?

a; disease prevention
b; tertiary prevention
c; secondary
d; primary prevention
D
a secondary prevention outcome in a community would be?

a; increased the (EMS) in the community where these service.
b; increasing the # of home health physical therapist services in a community.
c; opening walk-in clinics in a community.
d; monitoring the amount of health screening services done in a community.
A;
increasing rehabilitative services in a community where population majority is older than 65 involves?

a; primary prevention level;
b .tertiary prevention level.
c; disease prevention level.
d; secondary prevention level
B
Among the suggestions for health system reform from the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Quality of health care in America is?

a; individualizing care based on client needs and values.
b; reducing waits and delays in services provided
c; providing evidence-based services to those who can't benefit from them.
d; avoiding waste of resources.
A
the organizational structure of the US healthcare delivery system can best be described by 3 subsystems, namely?

a; scientific health heath system, complementary health system, and alternative health system.
b; popular health system alternative health system, and scientific health systems.
c; scientific health system, complementary health system, and popular health system.
d; personal health, system, popular health system and scientific health system.
C
The March of Dimes has instituted a public awareness campaign to decrease prematiure births. It has also conducted media campaigns to raise public awareness of the health problem. March of Dime is a voluntary agency. primary emphasis of the March of Dimes is on ?

a; research, education and policy development.
b; education, policy development and funding.
c; funding, research, and education.
d; policy development, research, and public health practice.
A;
The client being TX for chronic headache pain in a local clinic. In addition to the medical care is receiving acupuncture . this type od health care subsystem the client is employing is?

a; popular
b; personal
c; alternative
d; complementary.
D
a national health serve organizes its annual influenza immunization program for its elder population to protect them against pneumonia. However, there is a shortage of vaccine. the national health system guarantees that all elders will receive this flu protection. The system is experiencing?
a; coordination difficulties to meet local health needs.
b difficulty in reaching hard-to- serve populations.
c; problems with distributing available resources.
d; balancing individual and population needs with limited resources.
C
the national health budget is developed to provide preventive health services to all segments of the population. The majority of the population lives in outlying rural areas, a dilemma for this health service is?

a; intergration of primary care with hospital and specialty care,
b; reconciling individual practice patterns with national standards.
c; reaching hard-to-serve palaces.
d; balancing the need for regional and national coordination of health services
C
the US health care system is described as " Hyperpluralist" in which policy is made at the local ,state, and national governmental levels, whereas many other countries have centralized systems of health care. This difference can best be described as ?

a; cost containment
b; locus of decision making
c; decentralization
d; coverage and access.
B
National health system have limitions or freedom interms of consumer choice for health care, This reflects?

a; professional autonomy
b; coverage and access.
c; cost containment
d; health system performance
A
The gates Fountains is funding the development of a viable AIDS vaccine and the eradication of childhood diseases though immunization. Though based in the US, is considered a.

a: sector-wide approach to health.
b: bilateral agency
c; unilateral agency
d; non-governmental organization
D
the purpose of multilateral health agencies, such as the world health organization (WHO), is to?

a; work on the set programs with selected countries to improve health efforts.
b; improve health outcomes in Third World countries.
c; direct and coordinate global health efforts and work with countries to strengthen their health programs.
d; coordinate health programs and efforts with other Unitized Nations Assembly members
C
As part of the NAFTA trade agreement, sister cities in Mexico and US have had cultural exchanges to learn and share health practices and treatments. This could best be described as an effort of

a; Bilateral assistance
b; International health.
c; border protection.
d; global health concerns
B
select the best example of global health?

a; Peace Corps volunteers working in a third world contry healping to improve water quality in local villiages.
b; Doctors without Borders providing health care to war-torn areas in Indonesia.
c; The World Bank providing funding grants to Middle Eastern countries to improve their health infrastructure.
d; Rotary volunteers working in Nigeria to immunize children against polio.
C
one of the positive aspects of expoting US technology globally has been to healp improve the quality of health care through health innovations and information. A negative effect of introducing US technology globally has?

a; promoted economic growth and created job inequities.
b; increased the spread of communicable diseases.
c; marketed unhealthful products such as tobacco and fast foods to new population
d; created inequities fir health innovations
C
One of the feared outcomes of NAFTA was job loss within the US to other non-US partners in NAFTA. The argument against this outcome cited which one the following advantages?

a; Promotion of economic growth though job creation in other countries, thus improving health.
b; Improving environmental outcomes.
c; Developing global health standards
d; Decreasing the spread of communicable dx
A
A global health policy agenda should include which essential element?

a; Creating a centralized agency for health policy with all nations.
b; Eliminating all debt for developing countries
c; Primary health care for all supporting participation by the disadvantaged in health policy development
d; Supporting participation by the disadvantaged in health policy development.
D
After a natural disaster hits the community, a grass- roots organization is formed to improve conditions post recovery, The nurse joins the organization and volunteers to contact public officials about the organization's concerns. This role is best described as?

a; citizen
b; politician
c; activist
d; researcher
C
_The state medical board has proposed legislation to include physician on the state board of nursing to interpret the Nurse Practice Act. Local Nursing organizations have testified in public hearing opposing this measure. that aspect of policy development is this?

a; Regulation
b; Legislation
c; administrative decision
d; Judicial decision
A
what is regulatory polices?
restrict constrain behavior in someway
what is Legislative proposals?
Are statements of beliefs or interests that have been brought to the attention of a legislator
what are judicial decisions?
Are decisions with in the court system regarding how are to be interpreted.
The local homeless shelter has a policy that requires that residents have documentation regarding their TB exposure. A Member of the community states that this violates an individual's right to privacy. What evaluation criteria would address this?

a; Quality
b; Resource needs
c; Equity
d; Feasibility
A
the most important criterion in evaluating health policy is its?

a; effect on the target population.
b; equitable distribution of the health care resources.
c; ability to be implemented.
d; ability to achieve the desired outcome on the target population.
D
activities and outcomes related to the evaluation aspect of policy development would include?

a; policy statements with alternative development and coalition building.
b; direction for future policy decisions based on implementation, performance with interpretation, performance, and impact from the policy.
c; impact of program performance, with interpretation and resource acquisition.
d; policy agenda with support mobilization and problem definition
B
what are the Related Activities of the Agenda setting stage of Policy Development?
* problem perception
* Problem definition
* Mobilization of support

OUTCOMES: Governmental policy agenda
What are the related activities of Formulation of goals and programs stage of policy development?
*Data collection, analysis and dissemination
* alternative development
* Advocacy and coalition building
* Compromise , negotiation and decision
OUTCOME: Program performance and impacts
what actives are involved in the Program implementation Stage of policy Development?
*Resource acquisition
* Interpretation
* Planning
*organizing
*Provision of benefits and services or coercion for required behavior
OUTCOME: Program performance and impacts
Compromise, negotiation, networking, and coalition building are essential activities in policy development while.

a. implementing the program as a result of developed policy.
b; formulating the goals and programs to results from the policy.
c; evaluating how well the policy has been implemented.
d; setting the agenda to define the problem to be addressed by the policy.
B
The rational model of policy development most closely resembles the nursing process in that it?

a; pr0vides proposed policy alternatives
b; identifies problems, solutions, participants, and opportunities for choice in health policy.
c; has similar categories to define, implement, and evaluate health policy concerns.
d; creates windows of opportunity for nurses to influence health policy development
C
when creating policy and implementing it in the stage-sequential model, the first stage is to?

a; implement the program
b; set the agenda
c; formulate goals
d; evaluate the process.
B
a health policy is developed that allows for creating housing for homeless men during adverse weather, but no provision is made for homeless families. The evaluation criteria that would best reflect this policy inequity is ?

a; equity
b; appropriateness.
c feasibility.
d; cost
a
As part of a public hearing on amending health policy in the state, the nurse is asked to present identified health issues that directly impact the community and to assess the current health policy. In this role, the nurse is operating as?

a; a researcher
b; a citizen
c; a politician
d; an activist
A
the nurse stays informed of events that impact the community by going to public forums to learn more about various issues. The nurse also joins the state nursing organization. in this role, the nurse is ?

a; a researcher
b; a politician
c; a citizen
d; an activist
C
In an attempt for economic health reform, block grants are given to address health problems , An example of a good use of a block grant to a state would be?


a; opening statewide immunization centers to provide childhood immunization coverage.
b; developing public education programs to address smoking.
c; increasing Medicaid coverage for those meeting its qualifications.
d; developing a research program to address causes of poverty
A
one of the biggest concerns amoung the older population in recent years has been the increasing cost of prescription medications. Medicare has addressed this aspect in which section?
(Prescription drug service)

a; Part A
b; Part B
c; Part C
d; Part D
D
the state Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) was established by Congress to provide health insurance coverage for low-income children whose parents did not have insurance coverage or who did not qualify for Medicaid benefits, Transfer of federal oversight and responsibility to the states for this program is a process know as?

a; health care innovation
b; devolution
c; shared responsibility
d; block grant funding.
B
When health services are paid for by a third party such as private health insurance, the payment is usually called?

a; capitation payment
b; retrospective reimbursement
c; prospective reimbursement
d; deductible payment.
C
what is retrospective reimbursement ?
payment for services rendered, based on cost of services. cost is determined after the fact.
it is now rare for an insurance plan to not require some cost sharing with enrollees. Deductible payments are one form of cost sharing. Another form of cost sharing is the?

a; capitation system.
b; co-payment made with each health service rendered.
c; current Procedural Terminology CPT code utilized by the health service provider.
d; out-of-pocket payment for service not covered by the insurance plan.
B
what is cultural blindness?
Member of the organization attempts to be "color blind" and ignore cultural differences, claiming to "Treat everyone alike".
what is cultural incapacity?
The organization employs a token minority staff and engages in discrimination and paternalization. There is no attempt to engage in cross-cultural. no attempt to engage is cross-cultural training
what is cultural destructiveness?
Members of the organization believe in the inferiority of other cultures and the reservation of rights and privileges to members of the dominant culture. No attempt is made to promote cultural diversity in the workforce, and members of the dominant culture. No attempt is made to promote cultural diversity