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287 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Negative-stranded Viruses
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Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication Horribly. (Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, and Hepatitis delta virus.)
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Segmented viruses
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BOAR. (Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses (influenza viruses),Arenaviruses, and Reoviruses.)
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Picoruavirus
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PERCH (Poliovirus. Echovirus. Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV)
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TORCH infection
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a set of perinatal infections: Toxoplasmosis; Other infections; Rubella; CMV; HSV
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3 C’s of measles
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Cough; Coryza; Conjunctivitis
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Negri body
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cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus.
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Arboviruses
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Fever Transmitted by Bites (Flavivirus, Togavirus, and Bunyavirus )
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Block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit
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Chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin), linezolid
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Block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit
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Aminoglycosides, tetracylines
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Bacteriostatic
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Erythromycin. Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol
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Bactericidal
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Vancomycin, FluoroquinoIones, Penicillin,Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole.
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ampicillin/amoxcillin coverage
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HELPS kill enterococci (Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli. Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis. Salmonella, enterococci)
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Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin
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TCP: Takes Care of Pseudomonas.
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Cephalosporins 1st generation
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PEcK: Proteus mirabilis, E. eoli. Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Cephalosporins 2st generation
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HEN PEcKS: Haemophilus influenzae. Enterobacter aerogenes. Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens
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Tetracyclines clinical use
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VACUUM THe Bed Room. Vibrio cholerae, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Urealyticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Rickettsia.
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Sulfa drug allergies
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sulfonamides, sulfasalazine, sulfonylureas, thiazide diuretics, acetazolamide, or furosemide.
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Anaerobic infection above the diaphragm
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Clindamycin
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Anaerobic infection below the diaphragm
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Metronidazole
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Metronidazole clinical use
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GET GAP on the Metro! Antiprotozoal. Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, Clostridium). H. Pylori
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side effect of ethambutol
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optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness)
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Rifampin’s 4 R’s
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RNA polymerase inhibitor; Revs up microsomal P-450; Red/orange body fluids; Rapid resistance if used alone
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Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy
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SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care. Sulfonamides––kernicterus. Aminoglycosides––ototoxicity. Fluoroquinolones––cartilage damage. Erythromycin––acute cholestatic hepatitis in mom (and clarithromycin––embryotoxic). Metronidazole––mutagenesis. Tetracyclines––discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth. Ribavirin (antiviral)––teratogenic. Griseofulvin (antifungal)––teratogenic. Chloramphenicol––“gray baby.”
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VACTERL
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Mesodermal defects: Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophagcal fistula, Renal defects. Limb detects (bone and muscle).
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Fetal erythropoiesis
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Young Liver Synthesizes Blood. 1. Yolk sac (3-8 wk) 2. Liver (6-30 wk) 3. Spleen (9-28 wk) 4. Bone marrow (28 wk onward)
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Branchial apparatus
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CAP: Clefls = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm
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HLA-DR2
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Multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture's
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HLA-DR3
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
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HLA-DR4
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Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellilus type l
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HLA-DR5
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Pernicious anemia→B12 deficiency, Hshimoto's thyroiditis.
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HLA-DR7
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Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
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HLA-B8
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Craves' disease.
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HLA-A3
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Hemochromatosis
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cytokines function
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Hot T-Bone stEAk: IL-1: fever (Hot); IL-2: stimulate T cells; IL-3: stimulates Bone marrow. IL-4: stimulates IgE production. IL-5: stimulate IgA production. IL-8 major chemotactic factor for neutrophils. IL-10 inhibits Th1 activates Th2. IL-12 activates NK and Th1. γ-interferon stimulates macrophages, activates Th1, inhibits Th2. TNF keukocyte recruitment, vscular leak, septic shock.
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Cell surface proteins, Helper T cells
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CD4, TCR, CD3, CD28, CD40L
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Cell surface proteins, Cytotoxic T cells
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CD8, TCR, CD3
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Cell surface proteins, B cells
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IgM, CD19, CD20, CD21 (receptor for EBV), CD40, MHC II, B7
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Cell surface proteins, Macrophages
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MHC II, B7, CD40, CD14. Receptors for Fc and C3b.
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Cell surface proteins, NK cells
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Receptors for MHC I, CD16 (binds Fc of IgG), CD56.
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Cell surface proteins,All cells except mature red cells
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MHC I.
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Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
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SLE
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Anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith
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Specific for SLE
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Antihistone
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Drug-induced lupus
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Anti-IgG
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Rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid factor)
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Anticentromere
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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Anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)
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Scleroderma (diffuse)
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Antimitochondrial
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1° biliary cirrhosis
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Antigliadin, antiendomysial
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Celiac disease
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Anti–basement membrane
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Goodpasture’s syndrome
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Anti–desmoglein
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
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Anti-Jo-1
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Polymyositis, dermatomyositis
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Anti-SS-A (anti-Ro), Anti-SS-B (anti-La)
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Sjögren’s syndrome
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Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
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Mixed connective tissue disease
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Anti–smooth muscle
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Autoimmune hepatitis
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Anti–glutamate decarboxylase
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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c-ANCA
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Wegener’s granulomatosis
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p-ANCA
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Other vasculitides
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
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Type I
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Hypersensitivity disorders: eczema
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Type I
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Hypersensitivity disorders: hives
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Type I
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Hypersensitivity disorders: asthma
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Type I
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Hemolytic anemia
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: pernicious anemia
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Rheumatic fever
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Goodpasture’s syndrome
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Bullous pemphigoid
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Pemphigus vulgaris
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Graves’ disease
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Myasthenia gravis
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Type II
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Hypersensitivity disorders: SLE
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Polyarteritis nodosa
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Serum sickness
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Arthus reaction (e.g., swelling and inflammation following tetanus vaccine)
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (e.g., farmer's lung)
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Type III
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Type I DM
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Multiple sclerosis
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Guillain-Barré syndrome
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders:Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Graft-versus-host disease
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders: PPD (test for M. tuberculosis)
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Type IV
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Hypersensitivity disorders: Contact dermatitis
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Type IV
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Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
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[XR]. Defect in BTK, a tyrosine kinase gene → blocks B-cell differentiation/maturation. Recurrent bacterial infections after 6 months due to opsonization defect. Normal pro-B,↓ maturation, ↓ number of B cells, ↓ immunoglobulins of all classes.
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Hyper-IgM syndrome
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Defective CD40L on helper T cells = inability lo class switch. Severe pyogenic infections early in life. ↑ IgM; ↓↓IgG, IgA. IgE.
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Selective Ig deficiency
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Defect in isotype switching →deficiency in specific class of immunoglobulins. Sinus and lung infections, milk allergies and diarrhea. Anaphylaxis on exposure to blood products with IgA. IgA deficiency most common. Failure to mature into plasma cells, ↓secretory IgA.
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Common variable immimodeficiency (CVID)
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Defect in B-cell maturation; many causes. Can be acquired in 20s-30s; ↑ risk of autoimmune disease, lymphoma, sinopulmonary Infections. Normal number of B cells;↓ plasma cells, immunoglobulin.
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IL-12 receptor deficiency
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↓Th1 response. Disseminated mycobacterial infections. ↓ IFN-γ.
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Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome)
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Th cells fail to produce IFN-y→ inability of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli. FATED: coarse Facies, cold (noninflamed) staphylococcal Abscesses, retained primary Teeth, ↑ IgE, Dermatologic problems (eczema).
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Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
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Several types: defective IL-2 receptor (most common, X-linked), adenosine deaminase deficiency, failure to synthesize MHC II antigens. Recurrent viral, bacterial. fungal, and protozoal infections due to both B-and T-cell deficiency, Treatment: bone marrow Iransplant (no allograft rejection).
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Ataxia-telangiectasia
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Defect in DNA repair enzymes. Triad: cerebellar defects (ataxia), spider angiomas (telangiectasia}, IgA deficiency.
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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[XR]. Progressive deletion of B and T cells. TIE: Thrombocytopenic purpura, Infections, Eczema. ↑ IgE. IgA; ↓ IgM.
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type 1)
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Defect in LFA-1 integrin (CD 18) protein on phagocytes. Recurrent bacterial infections, absent pus formation, delayed separation of umbilicus. Neutrophilia.
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Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
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[AR]; defect in microtubular function with ↓ phagocytosis. Recurrent pyogenic infections by staphylococci and streptococci; partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy.
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Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
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Lack of NADPH oxidase → reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide) and absent respiratory burst in neutrophils.↑susceptibity to catalase-positive organisms (e.g., S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus). Negative Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test.
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Aldesleukin
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interleukin-2. Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma
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Filgrastim
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granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Recovery of bone marrow
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Sargramostim
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GM-CSF, Recovery of bone marrow
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α-interferon
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Hepatitis B and C, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leukemias, malignant melanoma
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β-interferon
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Multiple sclerosis
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γ-interferon
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Oprelvekin
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interleukin-11. Thrombocytopenia
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Neutrophils chemotaxis
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CILK: C5a, IL-8, Leukotriene B4, and Kallikrein recruit
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Granulomatous diseases
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1. TB (cascatiiig), 2. syphilis. 3. Listeria monocytogenes. 4. Wegener's granulomatosis. 5. leprosy, 6. Bartonella, 7. some fungal pneumonias. 8. sarcoidosis, 9. Crohn's disease. Granuloma formation is IL-2, interferon-y mediated.
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Oncogenes: abl
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CML
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Oncogenes: c-myc
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Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Oncogenes: bcl-2
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Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
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Oncogenes: erb-B2
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Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
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Oncogenes: ras
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Colon carcinoma
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Oncogenes: L-myc
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Lung tumor
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Oncogenes: N-myc
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Neuroblastoma
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Oncogenes: ret
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III
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Oncogenes: c-kit
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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Tumor suppressor gens: Rb
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13q, Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
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Tumor suppressor gens: BRCA1
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17q, Breast and ovarian cancer
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Tumor suppressor gens: BRCA2
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13q, Breast cancer
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Tumor suppressor gens: p53
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17p, Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
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Tumor suppressor gens: p16
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9p, Melanoma
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Tumor suppressor gens: APC
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5q, Colorectal cancer
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Tumor suppressor gens: WT1
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11p, Wilms’ tumor
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Tumor suppressor gens: NF1
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17q, Neurofibromatosis type 1
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Tumor suppressor gens: NF2
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22q, Neurofibromatosis type 2
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Tumor suppressor gens: DPC
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18q, Pancreatic cancer. DPC––Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer.
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Tumor suppressor gens: DCC
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18q, Colon cancer. DCC––Deleted in Colon Cancer.
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Tumor markers: Bombesin
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer.
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Tumor markers: TRAP
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm.
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Tumor markers: S-100
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Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas.
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Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxins
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Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
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Chemical carcinogens: Vinyl chloride
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Liver (angiosarcoma)
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Chemical carcinogens: CCl4
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Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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Chemical carcinogens: Nitrosamines
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Esophagus, stomach
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Chemical carcinogens: Cigarette smoke
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Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinoma), renal cell carcinoma, bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
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Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos
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Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
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Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic
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Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), Liver (angiosarcoma)
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Chemical carcinogens: Naphthalene (aniline) dyes
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Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
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Psammoma bodies
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PSaMMoma: Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid; Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary; Meningioma; Malignant mesothelioma
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Metastasis to brain
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia. Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI, Overall, approximately 50% of brain tumors are from metastases.
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Metastasis to liver
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver. Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung.
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Metastasis to bone
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Prostate (blastic), Breast (Both lytic and blastic), Thyroid, Testes, Lung (Lytic), Kidney.
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Selective β2-agonists
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MAST: Metaproterenol and Albuterol for acute asthma; Salmeterol for long-term treatment; Terbutaline to reduce premature uterine contractions
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β1-selective antagonists
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A BEAM: Acebutolol, Betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol
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Specific antidotes: Acetaminophen
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N-acetylcysteine
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Specific antidotes: Salicylates
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NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis
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Specific antidotes: Amphetamines (basic)
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NH4Cl (acidify urine)
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Specific antidotes: Anticholinesterases, organophosphates
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Atropine, pralidoxime
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Specific antidotes: Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents
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Physostigmine salicylate
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Specific antidotes: β-blockers
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Glucagon
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Specific antidotes: Digitalis
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Stop dig, normalize K+, lidocaine, anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg2+
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Specific antidotes: Iron
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Deferoxamine
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Specific antidotes: Lead
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CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
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Specific antidotes: Arsenic, mercury, gold
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Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer
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Specific antidotes: Copper, arsenic, gold
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Penicillamine
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Specific antidotes: Cyanide
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Nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, thiosulfate
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Specific antidotes: Methemoglobin
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Methylene blue
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Specific antidotes: Carbon monoxide
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100% O2, hyperbaric O2
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Specific antidotes: Methanol, ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
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Ethanol, dialysis, fomepizole
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Specific antidotes: Opioids
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Naloxone/naltrexone
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Specific antidotes: Benzodiazepines
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Flumazenil
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Specific antidotes: TCAs
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NaHCO3 (serum alkalinization)
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Specific antidotes: Heparin
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Protamine
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Specific antidotes: Warfarin
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Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma
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Specific antidotes: tPA, streptokinase
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Aminocaproic acid
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Drug reactions: Cutaneous flushing
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VANC: Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin. Ca+ channel blockers
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Drug reactions: Hemolysis in G6PD-decicient patients
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hemolysis IS PAIN: Isoniazid (INH), Sulfonamides, Primaquine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin
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Drug reactions: Megaloblastic anemia
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PMS: Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs
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Drug reactions: Pulmonary fibrosis
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Bleomycin, amiodarone, busulfan
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Drug reactions: Gynecomastia
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Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, chronic Alcohol use, estrogens, Ketoconazole. (Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers)
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Drug reactions: Photosensitivity
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SAT for a photo: Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Tetracycline
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Drug reactions: SLE-like syndrome
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Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide, Phenytoin (it’s not HIPP to have lupus)
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P-450 Inducers
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Quinidine, Barbiturates, St, John's wort, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine, Chronic alcohol use
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P-450 Inhibitors
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Sulfonamides, Isoniazid, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Grapefruit juice, Acute alcohol use
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Sulfa drugs
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celecoxib, furosemide, thiazides, TMP-SMX, sulfonyureas, sulfasalazine.
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cAMP inducers
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C- cholera activates Gs
A- anthrax's EF is adenylate cyclase (sigma) - ETEC heat labile toxin increases Gs P - pertussis inhibits Gi |
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Obligate aerobes
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Nagging Pests Must Breathe.
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mtb, Bacillus |
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Obligate anerobes
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Cant Breathe Air
Clostridium, Bacteriodes, Actinomyces |
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Obligate Intracellular
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Clamydia, Rickketsiae
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Facultative intracellular
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Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
Salmonella, neisseria, brucella, Mtb, Legionella, Francisella, Listeria, Yersinia |
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Encapsulated bacteria
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Kapsules Shield SHiN
Klebsiella, Salmonella, Strep Pneumo, Hemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitidis. SHiN have IgA protease. |
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Urease Positive
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Particular Kinds Have Urease
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma |
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Toxins from Lysogenic phages
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ABCDE.
ShigA-like toxin, Botulinum, Cholera-like toxin, Diphtheria, erythrogenic toxin of Strep Pyogenes. (3 are gram+, the other 2 are e-coli related) |
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What is optochin sensitive?
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OVRPS - strep viridians, resistant, pneumoniae is sensitive
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What is novobiocin sensitive?
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NO StRES in our staff.
Saprophyticus resistant, Epidermidis sensitive. |
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What is bacitracin sensitive?
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B-BRAS
Strep B resistant, Strep A senstive |
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Strep pneumoniae - infections
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MOPS
Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia, Sinusitis It's Most OPtochin Sensitive. |
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Rhematic Fever
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Strep PHaryngitis causes rheumatic PHever. No rheum for SPECCulation. Subcutaneous plaques, polyarthralgias, erythema marginatum, Chorea, carditis
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Diptheria mnemonic
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ABCDEFG
ADP ribosolyation, Beta prophage, Corynebacterium, Diptheriae, Elongation Factor-2, Granules (red+blue) |
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C. perfringens' toxin
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lecithinase is a phospholipase that causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
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Actinomyces vs nocardia - drugs
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SNAP
Sulfa for nocardia (acid fast), Actinomyces (gram+) gets penicillin. |
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Lactose fermenters
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Lactose is KEE, put em on maConKEE's agar. Citrobacter, klebsiella, ecoli, enterobacter.
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H. influenzae - what infections?
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hEMOPhilus - epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis, pneumonia.
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H. influenzae - culture?
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Go to the 5 and dime to get chocolate. V - NAD, X - protoporphrin, chocolate agar.
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PSEUDOmonas
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pneumonia, sepsis, external otitis, UTI, drug users and diabetic osteomyelitis.
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Macrolides - what bugs?
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Nice Chicks Like My Mack
Neisseria, Chlamydia, Legionella, Mycoplasma |
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Treatment for nonseptic salmonella / yersinia infections.
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Nothing, because SINiA thinks SALMON is delicious.
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Klebsiella mnemonic
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4A's.
Aspiration pneumonia, alcoholics, abscess in lung, di-A-betics |
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Enterobacteriaceae family
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COFFEe - capsular (K), o antigen (polysaccharide of endotoxin), flagellar antigen (H, only motile species), ferments glucose, enterbacteriae
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y. pestis tx
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AG or doxycycline
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h. pylori tx
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treat so you can eat a BMT, or go to COMET burger.
1. bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline (or amox) 2. clarithromycin, omeprazole, metronidazole. |
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Spirochete size
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BLT - B is big, can be seen w/ wright or giemsa (aniline) stains.
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Lyme dz
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BAKE a key Lyme pie.
bell's palsy, arthritis, kardiac block, erythema migrans |
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Yaws mnemonic
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Treponemes make me YAWn during SBJ. Yaws is caused by treponema pertenue, causes skin bone and joint problems, limb deformities.
VDRL+ |
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sjogren's triad and antibodies
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nazi SS using AXX. SS-A (ro) and SS-B (la). Arthralgias, xeropthalmos, xerostomia.
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sarcoidosis mnemonic
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gettin BRAIN from a hot black chick, G. bell's palsy, rheumatoid arthritis, ACE and vitD excess from mphages, interstitial fibrosis, noncaseating granulomas, gammaglobulinemia
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bone tumor location
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GE's cow says MOO, DOES ICE.
Giant cell in Epiphysis, Metaphysis has Osteosarcoma, Osteochonstroma, Diaphysis has Osteoid osteoma and Ewings Sarcoma, Intermedullary area has Chondrosarcoma and Enchondroma |
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Psammoma bodies mnemonic
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P EMM S.
papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid, Endometrial papillary serous cancer, Meningioma, Mesothelioma, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary. |
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FTA-ABS
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Find The Antibody, ABSolutely. Specific for treponemes, turns positive earliest and remains positive longest, even after successful treatment after VDRL drops.
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VDRL - what does it detect?
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Nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin. Used for syphilis dx, but has many falses positives like mono, hepatitis, drugs, rheumatic fever, SLE and leprosy.
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zoonotic bugs mnemonic
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Big Bad Bugs From Your Pet Named Ella.
Brucella (dairy, undulant fever/brucellosis), bartonella (cat scratch, angiomatosis), borrelia burdorferi (tick bite Ixodes--deer), Francisella (ticks--rabbits, deer), Yersinia (fleas--rodents, prairie dogs), Pasteurella (animal bites--cats, dogs) |
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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No CLUE why i smell FISH in the vagina garden.
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Rickettsiae triad
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Hurting From Rickettsiae - Headache, Fever, Rash
needs CoA and NAD for culture. |
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ePidemic Typhus
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r. ProWARzeki - Pro war, dirtiness everywhere results in lice infestation and ePidemic (from flying squirrel).
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Endemic Typhus
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r. typhi comes from rat flea, no outbreaks
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rocky mountain spotted fever vs typhus rash
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Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhys on the Trunk.
Ricketssia ricketsii starts on hands and feet, typhus starts centrally and spreads outward w/o involving palms and soles. |
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Q fever, why so queer?
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no rash, no vector, negative Weil-Felix , can survive outside cell for a long time. no ricketsia in name.
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weil-felix rx
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mix proteus ag w/ pts blood and get agglutination w/ ricketssial infections.
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Rashes on palms and soles
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Drive CARS w/ your palms and soles. Coxsackie A (hand foot and mouth), Rocky mtn spotted fever, Syphilis.
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Chlamydia - two forms
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Elementary body Enters cell via Endocytosis. Reticular body (aka intial body) Replicates in cell by fission. Stay in endosome and block fusion.
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Clamydia trachomatis serotypes
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ABC - Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection.
D-K (main kind spread by dick) - urethritis, PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia and conjunctivitis. L1,L2,L3- lymphogranuloma venereum |
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endocrine signaling pathways: cAMP
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FLAT CHAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH also calcitonin, GHRH, Glucagon |
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endocrine signaling pathways: cGMP
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ANP, NO(edrf)
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endocrine signaling pathways: IP3
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GOAT
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH |
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endocrine signaling pathways: steroid receptor
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VET CAP (cytosolic)
VitD, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone T3/T4 are nuclear. |
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endocrine signaling pathways: intrinsic tyrosine kinase (MAPK)
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Growth factors:
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF |
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endocrine signaling pathways: receptor associated tyrosine kinase (JAK/STAT)
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the GIPper was JAKKED
GH, IL2, prolactin |
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Nematodes route of infection
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EAT SANd
ingested - Enterobius vermiularis, Ascaris lubricoides, Trichinella spiralis cutaneous - Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus all are bendy bugs, treated with bendy drugs. also EA - pyrantel pamoate, S - ivermectin |
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Oncocerca volvulus
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causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness, black flies, black skin nodules, black sight.
treat with rIVERmectin |
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Loa loa, wucheria bancrofti, toxocara canis tx
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diethylcarbamazine
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teniae solium tx
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cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, tx w/ praziquantel, bendy drugs for neurocysticercosis.
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diphyllobothrium latum
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from sushi, causes b12 deficiency (anemia and neuropathy). tx w/ praziquantel
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echinococcus granulosus
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from eating dog shit, anaphyaxis from liver cyst rupture. tx w/ bendy drugs
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schistosoma
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from snails, penetrate skin and cause granulomas, fibrosis, liver and spleen inflammation.
hematobium causes scca of bladder |
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clonorchis sinensis
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liver fluke from undercooked fish, biliary inflammation - pigmented gallstones, risk of cholangiocarcinoma
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paragonium westermani
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hemoptysis from inflamm. and bacterial infection in lung, from undercooked crab meat.
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parasite hints: brain cysts, seizures
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taenia solium
tx: praziquantel + bendy (for neurocysticercosis) |
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parasite hints: liver cysts
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echinococcus granulosus
tx: bendy drugs |
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parasite hints: b12 deficiency
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diphyllobothrium latum
tx: praziquantel |
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parasite hints: biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma
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clonorchis sinensis
tx: praziquantel |
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parasite hints: hemoptysis
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paragonimus westernmani
tx: praziquantel |
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parasite hints: portal hypertension
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schistosoma mansoni
tx: praziquantel |
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parasite hints: hematuria, bladder cancer
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schistosoma hematobium
tx: praziquantel |
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parasite hints: microcytic anemia
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ancylostoma duodenale, necator. absorb Fe from duodenum.
tx: bendy drugs or pyrantel pamoate |
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parasite hints: perianal pruritis
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enterobius vermicularis
tx: bendy drugs or pyrantel pamoate |
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Which vaccines are live attenuated?
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"Live, one night only, see Small Yellow Chickens get vaccinated w/ Sabin's and MMR"
smallpox, yellow fever, chickenpox (vzv), sabin's polio, MMR |
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Which vaccines are killed?
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Rabies, influenza, salk Polio, hAv.
RIP Always. SalK=killed |
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Which vaccines are recombinant?
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HBV (antigen is recombinant HBsAg), HPV 6,11,16,18
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DNA viruses mnemonic
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HHAPPPy
hepadna, herpes, adeno, papova, pox, parvo. all are linear except papova and hepadna. all are double stranded except parvo (part-of-a-virus) |
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RNA viruses - ss or ds?
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all are ss except Reovirus aka repeatovirus
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Naked viral genomes. Which ones are infective?
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Most naked dsDNA and + RNA are infective. Naked - RNA and dsRNA are not infective, require enzymes.
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Which virus is diploid?
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All are haploid except retroviruses which have two copies of same genome.
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Which viruses are naked?
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Naked CPR and PAPP
Calici, picorna, reo - RNA naked parvo, adeno, papilloma and polyoma - DNA naked |
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DNA and RNA viruses, where do they replicate?
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all DNA viruses replicate in nucleus except Pox, all RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm except influenza and retrovirus.
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Where do viruses obtain envelopes?
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all obtain envelope when leaving cytoplasm, except for herpes which acquires it when leaving nucleus.
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DNA viruses, which are icosahedral?
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all except pox (complex)
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treat w/ acyclovir - mnemonic
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get herpes in a CHEVy. CMV, HSV, EBV, VZV. all but CMV treated with acyclovir (use gancyclovir instead, or foscarnet)
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arboviruses mnemonic
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Fevers Transmitted by Bites
flavivirus - yellow fever, stl encephalitis, dengue, west nile toga - e. + w. equine bunyavirus |
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paramyxovirus mnemonic
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PaRaMyxovirus
parainfluenza, RSV, measles, mumps |
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parainfluenza vs rsv
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parainfluenza causes croup, laryngotracheobronchiolitis, barking seal cough, resp distress, leading cause of hospitalizations, steeple sign
RSV causes croup - high pitch cough, asthma, in the winter rx: ribavirin, palavizumab, albuterol |
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rotavirus
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Right Out the Anus - infantile gastroenteritis outbreaks in daycare centers, more in the winter
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yellow fever
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high fever, black vomitus, jaundice. councilman bodies in liver
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rubeola vs rubella vs roseola
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rubeola - measles, koplik spots in mouth, rash spreads from head to toe, may cause encephalitis (SSPE) years later. 3Cs+K, paramyxovirus
rubella - 3 day german measles, fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias and fine truncal rash. TORCH infenction, toga. roseola - isolated fever for several days that may result in seizures, fine truncal rash. HHV6 |
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HBV serology:
HBsAg + HBsAb - HBcAb + |
Acute disease
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HBV serology:
HBsAg - HBsAb - HBcAb + |
Window phase
All HBsAg is bound to HBsAb, so only HBcAb is detectable. |
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HBV serology:
HBsAg - HBsAb + HBcAb + |
Complete recovery
You had HBV, so C antibody is present. |
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HBV serology:
HBsAg + HBsAb - HBcAb + |
Chronic carrier
You have no HBsAb, but HBsAg and HBcAb are there. |
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HBV serology:
HBsAg - HBsAb + HBcAb - |
Immunized
Never had HBV, no C antibody. |
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CD4 count <400
infections? |
oral thrush, reactivation VZV, reactivation TB, bacterial infections
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CD4 count <200
infections + prophylaxis? |
PCP, reactivation HSV, cryptosporidium, disseminated ciccidiomycosis
start prophylaxis: TMP / SMX or dapsone for PCP |
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CD4 count <100
infections + prophylaxis? |
toxoplasma, candida esophagitis, histoplasma
start prophylaxis - azithromycin for mai prevention |
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CD4 count <50
infections + prophylaxis? |
CMV retinitis / esophagitis, disseminated MAI, cryptococcal meningitis
start prophylaxis - fluconazole for cryptococcus |
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pneumonia in neonates (<4w): bugs and tx
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ESL, e.coli, strep B and listeria
tx: ampicillin + gentamicin |
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pneumonia in children (4w-18y): bugs and tx
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viruses (RSV), mycoplasma, chlamydia pneumoniae, strep pneumoniae
(Runts May Cough Sputum) tx:macrolide + cephalosporin |
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pneumonia in adults (18-40): bugs and tx
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mycoplasma, C. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae
tx:macrolide + cephalosporin |
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pneumonia in adults (40-65): bugs and tx
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S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, anerobes, viruses, mycoplasma
tx: cephalosporins + clindamycin |
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pneumonia in elderly: bugs and tx
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S. pneumoniae, viruses, anerobes, h. influenzae, gram - rods
tx: gentamicin or imipenem/cilastatin or meropenem |
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bacterial vs fungal/tb meningitis : csf findings
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both have increase P, increase WBC, increase Protein and decreased sugar. bacteria have PMN, myco / fungi have lymphocytes.
Viruses have normal everything except elevated lymphocytes. |
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ToRCHeS: congenital toxoplasma classic triad
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chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
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ToRCHeS: congenital rubella classic triad
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PDA (or pulm artery hypoplasia), cataracts, deafness +/- blueberry muffin rash
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ToRCHeS: congenital CMV
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hearing loss, seizures, microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis
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ToRCHeS: congenital HIV
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recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
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ToRCHeS: congetal HSV
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temporal encephalitis, herpetic lesions
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ToRCHeS: congetal syphilis
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stillbirth, hydrops fetalis. if child survives, facial abnormalities like notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins
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ToRCHeS: congenital Parvovirus B19
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hydrops fetalis in pregnant women
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ToRCHeS: congenital Parvovirus B19
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hydrops fetalis in pregnant women
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bugs commonly affecting CGD patients
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Catalase + bugs: s. aureus + SPAN, serratia, pseudomonas, aspergillus, nocardia
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