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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the etiologic agent of amoebic dysentery?
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entamoeba histolytica
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how is amoebic dysentery transmitted?
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oral-fecal route
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what are the symptoms of amoebic dysentery?
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Chronic intestinal symptoms, bloody fulminant diarrhea. If liver involvement, RUQ pain, fever, and wt loss
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At what sites, besides the GI tract, may infections with Entamoeba histolytica occur?
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liver; lung; brain
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How do you diagnose Entamoeba hystolytica infection?
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Finding trophozoites in loose stools or cysts formed in stools.
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How do you prevent infections with Entamoeba hystolytica?
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Avoid contaminated food and water. Good personal hygiene.
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What parasitic intestinal disease often occurs in hikers who drink unfiltered water?
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Giardiasis
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What is the etiologic agent of giardiasis?
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Giardia lamblia
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How is giardiasis transmitted?
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Oral-fecal. Anal sex
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What are the symptoms associated with giardiasis?
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Chronic diarrhea. Greasy, fatty, foul smelling diarrhea. Nausea/vomiting.
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What is the reservoir for Giardia lamblia?
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Beavers and other mammals
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How do you diagnose giariasis?
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find trophozoites or cysts in diarrheic stools
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What parasitic disease has been associated with drinking inadequately purified water?
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Cryptosporidiosis
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How is cryptosporidiosis spread?
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Oral-fecal. Ingestion of oocysts from food and water contaminated with human fecal material.
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What symptoms are associated with cryptosporidiosis?
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Watery, non-bloody diarrhea with abdominal cramping
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What is the etiologic agent of crytosporiosis?
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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How do you dx cryptosporidosis?
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find oocytes in fecal smears
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What is the tx for cryptosporidiosis?
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Supportive with fluid replacement
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How do you prevent infection with Cryptosporidium parvum?
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Adequate water tx. Boil water - especially for the immunocompromised host.
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Name 2 diseases caused by sporozoan parasites
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Cyclosporiasis; Isosporiasis
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what is the route of transmission for the sporozoan parasites?
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oral-fecal
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What are the sx associated with sporozoan parasites?
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Abdominal cramping; gas; fever; diarrhea; vomiting
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How is the dx of infection with sporozoan parasites made?
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oocysts in the stool
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how do you prevent infection with the sporozoan parasites?
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boil water; wash fruits and vegetables
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What parasite causes vaginitis?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
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sexxin'
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How do you dx Trichomonas vaginitis?
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find trophozoites in vaginal or prostatic secretions
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What is(are) the etiologic agent(s) of malaria?
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Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium ovale
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In which parts of the world are malaria infections found?
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Tropical and sub-tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America
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How is malaria transmitted to man?
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By the bite of a mosquito. Also across the placenta, in blood transfusions, and by IV drug use
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What sx are associated with malarial infection
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Recurring cycles of fever, chills and sweats
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What is the cause of benign tertian malaria?
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Plasmodium vivax
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What is the cause of quartan malaria?
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Plasmodium malariae
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What is the cause of malignant tertian malaria (without a regular fever cycle)?
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Plasmodium falciparum
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What is the cause of tertian malaria?
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Plasmodium ovale
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What species of Plasmodium causes the most serious type of malaria?
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Plasmodium falciparum
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How is the dx of malaria made?
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Finding infected RBCs in thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa.
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What is the treatment for malaria?
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P. flaciparum - quinine + doxycyline or pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine
Non-P.flaciparum or sensitive P.flaciparum - chloroquine for blood stage; primaquine for liver stage |
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What tx should be prescribed for those wishing to travel to endemic areas for malaria?
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Chloroquine. Use mosquito netting, protective clothing, insect repellant
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What parasitic infection in women can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirths or children who are mentally or physically handicapped?
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Toxoplasma gondii
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How is an infection with Toxoplasma gondii obtained?
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Ingestion of oocycsts in cat feces or bradyzoites in raw or undercooked meat
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What are the sx associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection?
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Mononucleosis-like, fever, rash, lymphadenopathy
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What are the consequences of congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii?
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Abortion. Stillbirth. Encephalitis. Chorioretinitis. Mental retardation
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What lab tests help dx T. gondii infection?
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IFA for IgM antibodies. Trophozoites found in Giemsa-stained samples.
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What is the best way to prevent infection with T. gondii?
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Cook meat. PG women should avoid contact with cat litter.
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Identify the etiologic agent responsible for production of facial edema with a nodule that appears near the site of a bug bite?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What are the animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi?
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dogs, cats, rodents
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Name the insect vector responsible for transmission of T. cruzi infection.
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Reduviid bug
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What are the most serious consequences of infection with T. cruzi?
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Chronic form can result in myocarditis and megacolon.
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What lab tests should be ordered in suspected cases of T. cruzi infection?
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Examination of thick and thin blood smears for evidence of trypomastigote stage of the organism.
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What preventative measures should be taken to protect against infection with T. cruzi?
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Protection from the bite of the reduviid bug.
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What is the etiologic agent of sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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Where is the endemic area for sleeping sickness?
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Africa
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What insect vector is responsible for the spread of African sleeping sickness?
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Tsetse fly
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What sx are associated with African sleeping sickness?
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Skin ulcer and chancre at the site of fly bite. Intermittent fever and lymphadenopathy. Encephalitis. Death due to pneumonia.
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What lab tests should be odered to aid in making the dx of African sleeping sickness?
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Examine bld smears for the presence of trypomastigotes
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What measures should be taken to protect against infection with the agents of African sleeping sickness?
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Protect from the bite of the fly with netting and clothing
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Identify the etiologic agent of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis)
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Leishmania donovani
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What is the endemic area of L. donovani?
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Mediterranean, Middle East, Russia, China
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How does man become infected with L. donovani?
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Bite of a sandfly
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What are the major sx of L. donovani infection?
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Intermittent fever, weakness, weight loss with massive splenomegaly. Skin becomes hyperpigmented (black sickness).
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What site(s) of the body are infected by Leishmania donovani?
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The reticuloendothelial system - liver, spleen, bone marrow
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What are the clinical findings in L. donovani infection?
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anemia, leukopenia, throbocytopenia
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How is the agent of Kala-azar detected in the lab?
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Amastigotes in biopsies of bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes
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What are the protective measures that prevent infection with L. donovani?
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protection from sandfly bites and insecticide
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What are the agents that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis?
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Leishmania tropica, Leishmania mexicana
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What is the etiologic agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
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Leishmania braziliensis
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What is the endemic area for Leishmania tropica infection?
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MIddle East, Africa, India
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What is the endemic area for Leishmania mexicana infection?
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Central and South America
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What is the endemic area for Leishmania braziliensis infection?
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Brazil and Central America
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What is the insect vector responsible for transmission of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
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sandfly
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What is the difference in the distribution of lesions between cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
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Cutaneous - lesions confined to skin. Mucocutaneous - lesions confined to skin, mucous membranes, and cartilage (nasal cartilage is destroyed)
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What tests aid in the dx of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
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Finding amastigote stage in smears from skin lesions. Leishmanin skin test is positive when ulcers appear
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How do you treat entamoeba histolytica infections?
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metronidazole + iodoquinol
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How do you treat giardiasis?
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metronidazole
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How do you treat cyclosporiasis and isosporiasis?
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trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
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How do you treat trichomoniasis?
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metronidazole
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How do you treat toxoplasmosis?
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pyrimethamine + sulfadizine + folinic acid
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How do you treat chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)?
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benznidazole for the acute phase. there is no treatment for the chronic phase
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How do you treat african sleeping sickness?
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Pre CNS:
Gambiense - pentamidine phodesiense - suramin Post CNS - melarsoprol for both |
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How do you treat visceral leishmaniasis?
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stibogluconate, amphotericin
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How do you treat cutaneous leishmaniasis?
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You don't, it is usually self limiting
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How do you treat mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
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stibogluconate + IFNgamma, amphotericin or pentamadine
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How do you treat ameobic keratitis?
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topical miconazole and propamidine isothionate
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How do you treat naegleria fowleri?
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amphotericin B
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What causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis?
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naegleria fowleri
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What lab results are needed to diagonse primary amebic meningoencephalitis?
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ID motile parasites in the CSF, exclude bacterial meningitis
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What diseases does acanthamoeba cause?
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amoebic keratitis and granulomatous amebic encephlitis
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How is acanthamoeba transmitted?
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contact with eyes (contact lenses), respiratory tract or broken skin
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What symptoms occur with amoebic keratitis?
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eye pain, redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something in the eye, excessive tearing
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What are the symptoms of granulomatous amebic encephalitis?
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mental status changes, seizures, hemiparesis, fever,headache, meningismus, visual acuity defects, ataxia, nausea and vomiting
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