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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three parts of the brain?
What does each control? |
-Cerebrum; voluntary muscles, perception, and thinking
-Cerebellum; many incoluntary body movements -Brain Stem; breathing, heart rate, blood pressure |
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What are three types of nerves?
Where do each carry signals? |
-Sensory: to CNS
-Motor: away from CNS -Mixed: to and from CNS |
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Whay type of environment is the CNS? What does this mean?
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-axenic
*no normal flora |
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How can pathogens enter the CNS?
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-breaks in bones and meninges
-medical procedures -travel through peripheral neurons to CNS -infect/kill cells of meninges resulting in meningitis |
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How do bacteria cause disease of the nervous system?
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-infect NS cells (meningitis and leprosy)
-release toxins that affect neurons (botulism, tetanus) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Meningitis?
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-sudden high fever and severe meningeal inflammation
-severe headache, vomiting, pain -stiff neck, altered muscle control -brain infection result in behavioral changes, coma, death *may be rapid development |
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How can you diagnose meningitis?
How can it be treated? |
-CSF Tap
-Treat with antimicrobial srugs *some vax available |
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What type of people should avoid high risk foods for meningitis?
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-individuals at risk for listeriosis
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What are the airborne-transmitted bacteria that cause meningitis?
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-S. pneumoniae
-N. meningitidis -H. influenzae |
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Describe S. pneumoniae in terms of bacterial meningitis.
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-leading cuase of meningitis in adults
-only enxapsulated strains are virulent -secretory IgA protease -pneumolysin supresses phagocytosis |
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Describe Neisseria meningtidisis (meningococus) in terms of bacterial meningitis.
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-causes meningococcal meningitis
-fimbria, capsule, and lipooligosaccharide required for virulence |
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Describe Haemophilus influenzae in terms of meningitis.
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-leading cuase of bacterial meningitis PRIOR to vaccine
-thought to cuase flu epidemics -classified by antigens on capsule (95% of diseases are type b). |
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Describe Listeria monocytogenes in terms of meningitis.
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-enters body through contaminated food or water
-cuases listeriosis in fetuses, imm. compro people, elderly -listeriolysin O breaks down phagosome before lysosome can fuse -can move from cell to cell using host's actin network (actin tails) |
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Describe Streptococus agalactiae in terms of meningitis.
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-"Group B Strep"
-cuases most cases of newborn meningitis (passed through infected birth canal) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)?
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-tuberculoid leprosy: nonprogressive; patients have strong cell-mediated immune system
-lepromatous leprosy; progressive tissue destruction, patients have weak cell-mediated immune system |
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How do you confirm leprosy?
What is the etiological agent of leprosy? |
-acid-fast rods in samplesQ
-Mycobacterium leprae |
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Describe M. leprae.
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-Gram + bacillus with mycolic acid in cell wall
-transmitted via person to person contact or via breaks in skin -M. leprae grows best in cooler regions of body |
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How do you treat leprosy?
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-multiple antibiotics becuase of drug resistance
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How does one acquire botulism?
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-from intoxication from ingested toxin rather than infection
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What are the signs and syptoms of Botulism?
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-double or blurred vision
-drooping eyelids -slurred speech -difficulty swallowing -dry mouth -muscle weakness |
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What are the different types of Botulism and what are these symptoms?
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-food-borne: progressive paralysis of all voluntary muscles
-infant: bacteria grow in intestines, non-specific symptoms -wound: like food-borne botulism |
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Describe the etiological agent of botulism?
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-Clostridium botulinum
-Gram + bacillus that forms endospores -different strains produce one of seven neurotoxins *deadliest toxins known |
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How can you treat botulism?
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-wash intestinal tract to remove bacteria
-administer botulism immune globulin (against toxins) *antimicrobials not affective becuase it was an ingested toxin not cell! |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Tetanus?
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-rigid paralysis in face
-then fever, muscle spasms, and respiratroy failure |
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Describe the etiological agent that cuases tetanus.
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-Clostridium tetani
-found in soil -endospores enter contaminated wounds (deep puncture) -incubates 5 days to 15 weeks! |
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How do you treat tetanus?
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-tetanus immunoglobulin, penicillin
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How do you prevent tetanus?
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-vaccinate with tetanus toxoid
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What are the signs and symptoms of viral meningitis?
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-fever, severe headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea
-milder disease than bacterial or fungal meningitis -symptoms occur, but no bacteria found in CSF |
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Describe the etiological agent for viral meningitis
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-90% caused by Enteroviruses (+ssRNA, coxaskie viruses)
-attack cells in intestinal tract (no GI illness) -spread through bloodstream to meniniges; also in respiratorty droplets and in feces |
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How do you treat Viral meningitis?
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-no specific treatment exists
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What are the different types of Polio?
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-Asymptomatic infections (90% of all infections)
-minor polio -nonparalytic (muscle spasms and back pain) -paralytic |
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Describe the etiological agent that causes Poliomyelitis.
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-another Enterovirus
-transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water *only exists in Africa and Asia today |
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How to you treat Polio?
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-Two effective vaccines available
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How do you treat Rabies?
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-postexposure prophlaxis
-human rabies immune globulin -rabies vaccine *always fatal due to respiratory paralysis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Encephalitis?
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-mild, cold-like symptoms and rashes
-when crossing the blood brain barrier, causes symptoms similar to meningitis |
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What is the most common encephalitis?
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-West Nile encephalitis
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How does one get Encephalitis?
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-transmitted between hosts by lood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes)
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How do you treat Enceph?
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-can't, supportive care only
*vax for horses available (EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV) |
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What fungal infections occur in the CNS?
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-mushroom toxin poisoning can produce neurological problems and hallucinations
-Cryptococcal meningitis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Cryptococal meningitis?
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-prolonged cough, others similar to bacterial meningitis
-unknown incubation (likely 2-9 months) -can be found in bird droppings |
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Describe the Etiological agent for CNS fungal infections.
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-Cryptococcus neoformans
-polysaccharide capsule -enters through spore inhalation or dried yeast cells from bird guano (then spread to CNS) |
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How do you treat CNS fungal infections?
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-cryptococcal meningitis patients on anti-fungals for life!
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What are the signs and symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness?
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-bite becomes lesion with necrotic tissue
-parasites in blood create fever, lumph node swelling, and headache -meningoenxephalitis upon invasion of CNS |
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Describe the Etiological agent in African Sleeping Sickness.
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-Trypanosoma brucei
*cyclic episodes of parasitemia are characteristic |
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How do you treat African Sleeping Sickness?
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-various drugs based on how disease has progressed
-new drug: eflornithine *patient never clears infection due to its ability to evade immune system |
