Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are common sites of infection and names of associated diseases
|
-skin abscess (acne, boils)
-gastrointestinal tract (foodborne illness, food poisoning) -outer skin infection (impetigo) -blood (bacteremia, septicemia) -meningitis -wound infections -inner ear (otidis media) -heart (endocarditis) -some types are pyogenic (cause formation of pus) -some form an abscess (enclosed formation of pus= infection of foreign object) |
|
|
know the important virulence factors
|
-alpha, beta, omega: cytolytic toxin
-toxic shock syndrome toxin: superantigen toxin exfoliating toxin A and B: superantigen toxin -leukocidin: sytolytic toxin -enterotoxin ABCDE: superantigen toxin -coagulase: enzymatic virulence factor |
|
|
Hepatitis A transmission
|
person-to-person or by contaminated food, especially shellfish from sewage-polluted areas
|
|
|
Hepatitis B transmission
|
transmitted through blood transfusions, shared needles, tattooing and piercing, sexually
|
|
|
Hepatitis C transmission
|
transmitted through blood/body fluids
|
|
|
What organ is infected in Hepatitis
|
The liver
|
|
|
What are possible sequealae for Hepatitis B
|
cirrhosis of liver, liver cancers
|
|
|
what are possible sequealea for Hepatitis C
|
chronic hepatitis, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
|
|
|
pathogen for Syphilis
|
Treponema pallidum, a spirochete bacterium
|
|
|
pathogen for Gonorrhea
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gram-negative and non-motile
|
|
|
pathogen for Chlamydia
|
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular parasite
|
|
|
3 steps of Syphilis infection
|
1. Forms a chancre at initial infection site which later disappears (primary syphilia)
2. Cells can spread to other tissues causing characteristic skin rash (secondary; disseminated) 3. A latent stage, non infectious, that can last for years; lesions eventually form on skin, bone, nervous system (blindness, insanity) (tertiary) |
|
|
How Chlamydia replicates in host cells and what diseases it causes
|
1. The extracelluar elementary body and enter host cell by endocytosis
2. It differentiates to the metabolically active active reticulate bodies, which multiply 3. Reticulate bodies differentiate into more elementary bodies and exit cell -life cycle results in destruction of cell -causes chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis; most common form of chlamydial sexually transmitted diseases |
|
|
HSV 1
|
cold sores, fever, blisters, some genital; transmitted by direct contact
|
|
|
HSV 2
|
-mainly genital, also found in other sites
-causes painful blisters on genitalia -transmitted bu direct sexual contact |
|
|
how common is HPV
|
-100 different strains (about 30 transmitted sexually)
-20 million in Us are infected -80% of women over age 50 have had at lease one HPV infection -over 6 million people acquire new HPV infections annually -vaccines available for males and females 11-26 years of age |
|
|
Sequalaes that can occur from HPV
|
-cervical cancer, genital warts, cervical neoplasia
|
|
|
host cell for HIV
|
CD4 and CCR5
|
|
|
HIV viral protein
|
gp120
|
|
|
Role of viral surface proteins in attachment of HIV virus
|
-infects host cells that have surface proteins (CD4 and CCR5
-high CD4-containing host cells found in immune system -the other host cell protein (CCR5) is also involved in binding of the virus and fusion -the viral protein (gp 120) is what binds to the CD4 and CCR5 host proteins |
|
|
pathogen of anthrax
|
Bacillus anthracis, gram-positive and spore forming rod
|
|
|
3 routes of anthrax infections are:
|
1. Cutaneous (skin)
2. Inhalation (respiratory tract) 3. Gastrointestinal |
|
|
3 ways to get botulism
|
1. Foodbourne botulism
2. Wound botulism 3. "infant botulism" (ingestion of bacterium; toxin produced in intestine |
|
|
what causes the plague
|
the bacterium yersinia perstis
|
|
|
three forms of plague
|
Pneumonic plague, bubonic plague, septicemic plague
|
|
|
Pneumonic plague
|
infection in lungs; infected individuals can infect others before symptoms appear
|
|
|
Bubonic plague
|
infection of lymph nodes through skin from flea
|
|
|
Septicemic plague
|
when bacteria infect the blood; can be a complication of pneumonic or bubonic
|
|
|
what is tularemia
|
Tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, that is highly virulent. It causes skin ulcers, swollen and painful lymph glands, inflamed eyes, sore throat, oral ulcers, or pneumonia. F. tularensis occurs widely in nature and is easy to isolate. It can be transmitted by wood tick or deer fly (vector) and can be caused by inhalation, or contact with diseased animal. The inhaled bacteria can cause severe illness quickly. Tularemia is not highly contagious, but only 10-50 cells are needed for infection.
|
|
|
Smallpox
|
-caused by the variola virus
-transmitted by aerosol or direct contact -after infection, development of skin rash which progresses to formation of pustules -septic shock and toxemia (toxic substances in the blood) can result in fatality rates of up to 30% -disease has been eradicated in the world -factors that aided eradication: only human reservoir; no asymptomatic carriers; short period of infectivity; effective vaccine |
|
|
Hepatitis
|
-a general term for inflammation of the liver; usually caused by an infection but can arise by other means
-usually caused by virus of the Hepatitis virus group -6 Hepatitis viruses can cause various forms of the disease -Hepatitis ABCDEG |
|
|
AIDS
|
-HIV1: responsible for 99% of all AIDS
-HIV2: similar to HIV1 but less virulence -HIV is a retrovirus (RNA genome copied to DNA by reverse transcriptase) -no cure - several anti-HIV drugs, when used in combination, can control virus (multiple drug therapy) -HIV infects host cells that have surface proteins called CD4 and CCR5 -------high CD4-containing host cells found in immune system -------the other host cell protein, CCR5, is also involved in binding of the virus and fusion -------the viral protein gp120 is what binds to the CD4 and CCR5 host proteins -major cause of death: opportunistic pathogens and rare cancers -------T-lymphocytes and macrophages are destroyed by the virus -----------------opportunistic pathogens ---------------------pneumonia - Pneumocystis jiroveci ---------------------candidiasis - Candida albicans toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
|
-members of 5 virus families; mostly found in Africa
-most are zoonotic and arthropod vectors, but some are direct contact or respiratory transmission; many types are known, but viruses of highest concern are: --------Marburg, Lassa VHF, Crimean-Congo, Ebola- four forms are known -the natural reservoir is monkeys; disease occurs in scattered outbreaks -earliest cases were when West German scientists became infected with a new virus from imported monkeys from Uganda (Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever) -VHF symptoms included bleeding (hemorrhaging) as well as blood clots, damage to retina, mucosa, and other organs -first Ebola outbreak was in 1976 infected 1,000 and killed 500; a 1995 outbreak was more quickly contained; some mortality rates near 90% |
|
|
why were such extensive precautions taken when working with VHF patients
|
Hemorrhagic fever viruses are handled under biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) standards. BSL-4 is the highest level of biological containment available and is used only for work with agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease and for which no treatment exists. BSL-4 facilities require mechanisms for total isolation and physical containment of pathogens, such as sealed biological safety cabinets and positive-pressure suits for personnel handling cultures and clinical specimens
VHF agents are RNA viruses transmitted by the aerosol route from animal or arthropod hosts. Outbreaks of VHF’s occur irregularly, and infection from human to human by aerosol route is inefficient. Most human-to-human transmission is the result of prolonged contact with an infected individual or with his or her blood or waste |
