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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogen for leprosy
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Bacterium leprae
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what is another name for leprosy
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Hansen's Disease
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how does pathogen avoid immune system
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bacteria invade macrophages associated with peripheral nerves and respiratory tract
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3 most common pathogens of bacterial meningitis
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-Neisseria meningitidis
-Haemophilus influenzae (remember no correlation to influenza virus -Streptococcus Iniae |
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meninges
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membrane around brain and spinal cord; low immune system protection against pathogens
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what are other types of meningitis-causing pathogens
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-viral pathogens-->viral meningitis
-fungal pathogens-->fungal meningitis |
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pathogen for Lengionnaires
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Legionella pneumophila
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what habitat does the pathogen for Lengionnaires live in
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water storage tanks, air conditioning systems, soil and aquatic habitats
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how is Legionella pneumophila transmitted to humans
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-water borne organism, inhaled droplets
-lives as a part of microbial community in water storage ranks, air conditioning systems, soil and aquatic habitats -inhaled Legionella settles in the lungs -air conditioning in buildings--> cooled water droplets fall into a water-based ecosystem-->formation of biofilms give rise to life (amoebas)--> amoebas are hosts for Legionella--> water droplets dry and become airborne--> inhaled by humans--> settles in the lungs (macrophages) |
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what is antigenic shift
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segmented RNA genome shuffles two major antigens that are on the surface of the virus envelope
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what is the most of transmission for antigenic shift
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upper respiratory tract infection usually transmitted through inhalation of droplets of another infected person
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how can influenza be transmitted from animals to humans
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when animals and humans live in close proximity, reassortment of human-animal virus transmitted by intermediate host
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why is there a concern about H5N1
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-high rates of mutations
-has ability of acquire genes from other viruses -a highly virulent form called "Highly Pathogenic H5N1" has high fatality -highly virulent in some humans (but not transmitted human-to-human) -infects lower respiratory tract of humans--> spreads slowly, often fatal |
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how was a potential outbreak of H5N1 in humans averted
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Hong Kong- avian influenza strain H5N1- coincided with outbreak of influenza in poultry in Hong Kong. The entire poultry population was eliminated to stop spread of the disease
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Measles
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-rubeola virus
-infects respiratory tract -symptoms: cough, fever, nasal discharge, eventually a rash developes |
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Mumps
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-mumps virus; is spread by airborne droplets
-symptoms: inflammation of salivary glands, swelling of neck -if virus spreads throughout body, occasionally leads to complications like sterility, encephalitis |
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Rubella
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-German measles; rubella virus
-symptoms: milder than measles -infection of fetus can result in stillbirth, heart, eye, and brain damage |
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what viruses cause the common cold
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rhinovirus and coronavirus, also caused by adenovirus and others
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how can rhinovirus evade immune system
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virus contains many variations of surface proteins (serotypes)
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what diseases are caused by varicella-zoster virus
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Chickenpox and Shingles
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Chickenpox
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caused by varicella-zoster virus; highly contagious by airborne route-enters respiratory tract; develops characteristic lesions on face and upper trunk erupt, fill with pus, rupture, and covered by scabs; virus can remain in nuclei of nerves and sensory neurons
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Shingles
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when varicella-zoster virus becomes activated later in life-cause skin lesions
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