Mmbio Ch 16

Front 1

ch 15 question: what leukocytes are involved in chronic and acute inflammation?

Back 1

chronic- macrophiles
acute- neutrophiles

Front 2

third line of defense

Back 2

specific immunity- built up over time-when antigens trigger specific immune responses

Front 3

antigens

Back 3

trigger specific immune response- parts of bacterial cell walls, capsules, pili, flagella, and protozoa- food and dust can also contain antigenic particles

Front 4

lymphatic system

Back 4

screens the tissues of the body for foreign antigens- composed of lymphatic fluid, vessels, and cells

Front 5

primary organs in lymphoid system?

Back 5

thymus (makes t-lymphocytes) and bone marrow (makesb-lymphocytes) (where lymphocyte maturation takes place)

Front 6

secondary organs of lymphoid system?

Back 6

lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (tonsils, adenoid), GALT (peyer's patches)(where immune response takes place)

Front 7

lymph nodes

Back 7

house leukocytes that recognize and attack foreign antigens present in lymph

Front 8

MALT

Back 8

tonsils and mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue- physically trap foreign particles and microbes that are ingested or inhaled- includes appendix, lymphoid tissue of resp. tract, and peyer's patches in wall of small intestine

Front 9

B-lymphocytes

Back 9

arise and mature in bone marrow- found primarily in secondary lymphoid tissue, small percentage circulate in blood- major function is differentiation into plasma calls that secrete antibody

Front 10

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Back 10

soluble, glycoprotein molecules that bind antigen- considered part of humoral immune response since bodily fluids such as lymph and blood were once called humors

Front 11

another word for antigenic determinants?

Back 11

epitopes

Front 12

describe bonds between antigens and antibodies

Back 12

due to close fit, can for hydrogen bonds, ionic attractions, hydrophobic interactions (noncovalent interactions)

Front 13

functions of antibodies? (4)

Back 13

neutralization (binding to all its sites), opsonization (handles), agglutination, activation of complement

Front 14

IgG antibodies

Back 14

gamma, major ones in serum (80%) and last longest (20 days)- complement activation, neutralization, opsonization, produces hydrogen peroxide, agglutination, antibody-dependent cellular toxicity- crosses placenta to protect fetus- important in inflammation cause can diapedesis is easier than for others- get them before get into bloodstream

Front 15

IgA antibodies

Back 15

alpha- neturilization and agglutination, dimer is secretory body- involved in bodily secretions (tears, mucous membranes, breast milk)(protect GI tract, resp, urinary, repro)

Front 16

IgE antibodies

Back 16

act as signal molecules to Eosinophiles to release things to kill parasites and also basophiles to release histamine but more likely correlated with allergies than parasites in developed countries

Front 17

IgD antibodies

Back 17

on surface of B cells and often seen during initial phase of humoral immune response, but exact function is unknown

Front 18

IgM antibodies

Back 18

most efficient at activating complement system, also triggers inflammation and can be involved in agglutination and neutralization- secreted during initial stages of immune response, so levels are relatively low in the blood usually

Front 19

BCR (B cell receptor)

Back 19

an antibody that remains associated with cytoplasmic membrane- each B lymph. has multiple copies of a single type of BCR (IgM or IgD) that results from random recombination of 3 Ig regions of DNA- antigen binding site is identical to that of the secreted antibody for the particular cell - each BCR is complementary to only one antigenic determinant

Front 20

T lymphocytes

Back 20

produced in red bone marrow and mature in the thymus- circulate in lymph and blood and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, peyer's patches)- act directly against various antigens (endogenous invaders, many of body's cells that harbor intracellular pathogens, abnormal body cells such as cancer cells that produce abnormal cell surface proteins)

Front 21

what are the 3 types of T lymphocytes?

Back 21

cytotoxic T cells, two types of helper T cells, Th1 (activated macrophages and CTL) and Th2 (mucosal and barrier immunity), and regulatory T cells (Tr)(suppress immune response)

Front 22

cytotoxic T cells

Back 22

directly kill cells infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells such as cancer cells (CD8 cell-surface glycoprotein)

Front 23

Helper T cells

Back 23

help regulate the activitied of B cells and cytotoxic T cells during immune response- secrete various soluble protein messengers (Cytokines) that determine which immune response is activated (CD4)

Front 24

cytokines

Back 24

protein messengers secreted by helper T cells to determine which immune response will be activated

Front 25

what are Type 1 helper T cells in charge of? Type 2?

Back 25

Type 1- assist development of cytotoxic T cells and macrophage activation
Type 2- assist development of B cells and antibody formation

Front 26

interleukins

Back 26

signal among leukocytes

Front 27

interferons

Back 27

antiviral proteins that may act as cytokines

Front 28

growth factors

Back 28

proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide, maintaining an adequate supple of leukocytes

Front 29

Tumore necrosis factors (TNFs)

Back 29

secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immure responses and inflammation

Front 30

chemokines

Back 30

signal leukocytes to go to a site of inflammation or infection and stimulate other leukocytes

Front 31

clonal deletion

Back 31

vital that immune responses not be directed against self (autoantigens)- body edits lymphocytes to eliminate any self-reactive cells (if bond not strong enough, or too strong- kill itself through apoptosis)

Front 32

major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Back 32

important in determining the compatibility of tissues in successful grafting

Front 33

MHC class I antigens

Back 33

glycoproteins found in membranes of most nucleated cells of vertebrate animals- hols a peptide fragment from an intracellular protein (endogenous antigen) for presentation to T cells

Front 34

MHC class II antigens

Back 34

found only on APCs- hold a peptide fragment from an extracellular protein (exogenous antigen) for presentation to T cells

Front 35

can you trandfer adoptive immunity and why?

Back 35

can't because so specific and stuff? (cytotoxic T cells)

Front 36

where do antigens bind on MHC molecules?

Back 36

antigen-binding groove

Front 37

inheritability of MHC molecules

Back 37

because so many different alleles for each gene, probability that one would inherit identical copies of any gene is remote- each individual would express 6 different class I molecules

Front 38

co-dominant expression of alleles

Back 38

only four possibilities, so in family of 5, at least two have same allele combination

Front 39

what are intracellular proteins broken down by?

Back 39

proteosome

Front 40

what happens to fragments of intracellular proteins in order to make endogenous antigens?

Back 40

broken down into fragments by proteosome and transported into ER where each fragment binds to a MHCI molecule located in the ER. The membrane is packed into vesicles by golgi bodies and inserted into cytoplsmic membrane so the antigen is displayed on cell's surface

Front 41

humoral immune response

Back 41

body mounts this against exogenous pathogens- made of B cell activation and clonal selection, antibody, memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory

Front 42

plasma cells

Back 42

make up majority of cells produces during B cell proliferation- secreted antibodies complementary to one specific antigenic determinant- the class of antibody produces is determined by signals from T-helper cells- short lives and produce massive amounts of antibody and then die (loaded with ER)- only has IgM and IgD on surface

Front 43

memory B cells

Back 43

cells produced by B cell proliferation that do not secrete antibodies- have BCRs complementary to the specific antigenic determinant that triggered their production- live long time and persist in lymphoid tissue- help initiate response faster if encounter same thing again- if has anything by IgM and IgD, know it's a memory B cell

Front 44

cell-mediated immune response

Back 44

responds to intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells- viruses mostly but also intracellular bacteria- triggered when antigenic determinants of pathogen are displayed on host cell's surface

Front 45

acquired immunity types

Back 45

naturally acquired, artificially acquired (medical intervention) and can be either active (products made by individual humoral or cell-mediated responses) or passive (receive antibodies made by another individual)