Mmbio 240 Exam 1

Front 1

Which of the following is not a weak bond?

Back 1

Phosphodiester bond.

Front 2

which of the following DNA molecules would have the lowest Tm?

Back 2

TTAAGCGATGGCCTT (The one with the lowest number of Cs and Gs

Front 3

Nucleotides contain bases which can be categorized as pyrimidine or purine bases. Pyrimidines and purines differ from each other...

Back 3

in that pyrimidines are made of a single ring structure and purines have a double ring.

Front 4

Who carries out a transformation of bacteria experiment?

Back 4

Avery, McCloud, McCarty

Front 5

Who carries out an experiment using a blender?

Back 5

Hershy-Chase

Front 6

________ experiment was performed using bacteriophage labeled with either radioactive P or S

Back 6

Blender Experiment

Front 7

Which of the following meiotic recombinants would results in the greatest change in the genetic material?

Back 7

Splice Recombinants

Front 8

Photolyase enyzmes reverse DNA damage by

Back 8

breaking covalent bonds formed between adjacent bases.

Front 9

The lagging strand presents a technical challenge for the DNA polymerase complex, hence the need for the so called trombone model. The root of the challenge is...

Back 9

hat the template strand is unraveled by the helicase in the 5' to 3' direction but DNA polymerase has to add the nucleotides to the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

Front 10

Chromatin is made of

Back 10

DNA and histone proteins

Front 11

Which of the following is NOT true about the structure of DNA?

Back 11

The number of purines on one strand is equal to the number of purines on the other strand. The same goes for pyrimidines.

Front 12

Process that takes the donor DNA and adds it to the vector DNA

Back 12

Cloning

Front 13

Process that cuts DNA with an enzyme that also cuts the donor DNA, then the sticky ends will be created and will be able to clone the desired gene

Back 13

Cloning

Front 14

Process that must have a restriction cloning site, a selection marker, and an origin of replication

Back 14

Cloning

Front 15

Jumping genes that have markes on both sides fo the genes that allow them to be moved around

Back 15

Transposons

Front 16

Cut and Paste

Back 16

DNA Transposons

Front 17

Copy and Paste

Back 17

Retro-DNA

Front 18

Allow for genetic variation, when inserted they make the gene disfunctional, help keep telomeres stable, gives antibody diversity

Back 18

Transposons

Front 19

Make up 30-50% of our DNA

Back 19

Transposons

Front 20

Technique that is used to see what the gene controls

Back 20

Gene Knock our Technology

Front 21

Technique that needs a lot of resources and a good explanation of what you want to see done

Back 21

Gene Knock our Technology

Front 22

When 2 chromosomes "cross-over" and swap DNA

Back 22

Recombination

Front 23

Shows different ways that the DNA and cut and cross over (either horizontally or vertically)

Back 23

Holliday Junction

Front 24

Type of recombination that doesn't get as much swapping

Back 24

Patch

Front 25

Type of recombination that gets more swapping

Back 25

Splice

Front 26

Recombination that is cut vertically

Back 26

Splice

Front 27

Recombination that is cut horizontally

Back 27

Patch

Front 28

Enzyme that is ued to perform deamination on bases, keeps the base together but changes the base on the sugar

Back 28

Glycosylase

Front 29

Usually used when any damaged portion needs to be removed

Back 29

Excision Repair

Front 30

3 types of structural distortions to DNA

Back 30

Mismatch, Base Dimers, Single and double strand breaks

Front 31

When you have a G and A bind together

Back 31

Transversion

Front 32

When you have a G and T bind together

Back 32

Transition

Front 33

5 types of single base changes

Back 33

Transition, Tranversion, Base addition/deletion, Altered Bases, Missing Bases

Front 34

Process where damethylate detects where the DNA is broken and can't repair, then the enzyme goes in and takes out the mutation then uses a polymerase and ligase

Back 34

Methylation

Front 35

_____ use photoliase

Back 35

Bacteria

Front 36

_____ use polymerase for repair

Back 36

Humans

Front 37

6 ways that DNA damage occurs

Back 37

Mistakes during replication, H2O, Environmental Chemicals, Ionizing Radiation, Light, Reactive O2 species

Front 38

Seals the bond between Okazaki fragments

Back 38

Ligase

Front 39

Once the primers are removed, the RNA is taken away and this fills in the gaps

Back 39

DNA Polymerase I

Front 40

Makes the leading and lagging strand, Okazaki fragments

Back 40

DNA Polymerase III

Front 41

Starts the replication process

Back 41

RNA Primer

Front 42

Enzyme that lays down the primer (RNA Polymerase)

Back 42

Primase

Front 43

Pulls the two strands apart

Back 43

Helicase

Front 44

Relieves supercoiling

Back 44

Topoisomerase

Front 45

They loop to form the DNA but create a problem because one strand is longer than the other (leading is longer)

Back 45

Telomers

Front 46

________ has to keep looping for every Okazaki fragment

Back 46

Trombone Structure

Front 47

Performed experiment using heavy N and determined that DNA is semiconservative

Back 47

Stahl and Menlsen

Front 48

Worked with changing histone tails; nucleosome and histones

Back 48

Roger Kornberg

Front 49

Pro of methylation

Back 49

Labels which DNA is original

Front 50

Con of methylation

Back 50

Some methyl groups are put where they shouldn't be

Front 51

The study of life and the molecular level

Back 51

Molecular Biology

Front 52

The _______ of a molecule ultimately determines its function inside the cell

Back 52

structure

Front 53

The central dogma of biology

Back 53

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Front 54

3 key concepts of molecular biology

Back 54

separation of molecules, identification of molecules, quantification/visualization of molecules

Front 55

2 aspects of determining function

Back 55

Forward and reverse genetics, biochemical and enzymatic assays

Front 56

Key characteristics of model organisms

Back 56

short growth and reproductive cycles, low cost, simple biology, ethical, amenable to manipulation, relevance to questions of interest

Front 57

Strong Bonds

Back 57

Covalent

Front 58

Weak Bonds

Back 58

H, Ionic, Hydrophobic

Front 59

________ are key as to how things function

Back 59

Weak bonds

Front 60

________ shape molecules and determine their functions

Back 60

Chemical bonds

Front 61

Discovered the nucleus and nuclein

Back 61

Miescher

Front 62

Miescher's student who purified the nuclien and named in the nucleic acid

Back 62

Richard Altmann

Front 63

Sugar + base -->

Back 63

Nucleocide

Front 64

Nucleotide + P -->

Back 64

Nucleotide

Front 65

1' bonds to ___

Back 65

N

Front 66

2' distinguishes ___________

Back 66

RNA or DNA

Front 67

3' _________

Back 67

doesn't do much

Front 68

5' bonds to _____

Back 68

P

Front 69

Have single rings

Back 69

Pyrimidines