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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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90% of the cell cycle
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Interphase
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Stages of interphase:
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G1, S, G2
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G1 stage
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Growth, recovers from the previous division, organelles double, prepares for DNA replication.
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S stage
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DNA replication, chromatids are formed, duplicated chromosomes.
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G2 stage
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proteins are made for use in the mitotic phase.
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Mitosis is....
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nuclear division
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Cytokinesis is....
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division of the cytoplasm
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growth factors are....
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external signals that stimulate a metabolic event. Needed for cell division
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cyclins are....
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internal signaling. increase and decrease as the cell cycle continues. attach to protein kinases; affects the the progression of the cell cycle.
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Apoptosis
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programmed cell death.
ex) the fingers and toes of a human embryo are at first webbed, but then they are usually freed from one another as a result of apoptosis. |
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somatic cells
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has 46 chromosomes; all body cells except gametes (sex cells)
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Chromatin
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the tangled mass of DNA threads
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diploid
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2n two chromosomes of each kind
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haploid
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one chromosome of each kind
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sister chromatid
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identical chromatids, which are each double helix
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centromere
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connects sister chromatids
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kinetochore
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attaches the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers
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phases of mitosis
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prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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prophase
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numclear envelope fragments, chromatin condenses, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers assemble and centrosomes move away from each other.
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pro metaphase
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kinetochores appear and attach sister chromatids to the kinetochore spindle fibers. sister chromatids are not aligned.
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Metaphase
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centromeres are aligned at the metaphase plate
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Anaphase
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shortest phase of mitosis. sister chromatids split by the centromere, kinetochores dissemble and daughter chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell.
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telophase
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nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappears, chromosomes become chromatin (condensed and coiled)
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cytokinesis when....
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starts in anaphase and continues through telophase and completes during g1 of interphase.
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cytokinesis in animals
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cleavage furrow forms.
contractile ring, made of actin filaments, pulls |
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cytokinesis in plant cells
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A cell plate, a newly formed plasma membrane that fuses with the old plasma membrane, forms between the two daughter plant cells
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Prokaryotic cell division
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Binary Fission is asexual reproduction, DNA molecule attached to the plasma membrane replicates, growth of the plasma membrane inward separates the two cells.
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checkpoints in the cell cycle
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G1, G2, and M
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Diploid
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enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them.
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Zygote |
zygot is the combanation of genes |
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Haploid |
has half of what the other cell had |
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gamete |
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
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somatic cell |
A somatic cell is any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells |
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genetic diversity |
Genetic diversity refers to the variety of geneswithin a species. |
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Meiosis I |
first stage |
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Meiosis II |
second stage |
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n |
is what creates 2n |
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2n |
equals 46 |
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homologous chromosomes |
One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother |
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independent assortment |
Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop |
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crossing over |
when father cell and a mother cell meet they cross each other then when they seperate they bring the mother cell has a peace of the father cell and the father cell has a peace of the mother cell |
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biodiversity |
variability of life on Earth |
