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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell division
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process cells undergo to multiply themselves
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signal
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something tells the cell to reproduce itself
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Requirements for a cell to be copied
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1. signal
2. growth 3. DNA must be copied 4. Complete copies of DNA must be distributed to both new cells |
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prokaryote division
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binary fission
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binary fission steps
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1. replicate single circular chromosome
2. cells pinch apart |
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zygote
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single cell formed from egg and sperm
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eukaryotic cell division
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mitosis
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mitosis complications
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1. nucleus broken down
2. chromosome needs to be replicated independently 3. chromosomes must untangle 4. chromosomes must be separated so each daughter cell gets one each 5. put back to working order |
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interphase
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cell does its business
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actively divides
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mitosis
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S phase
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Synthesis phase
chromosomes are replicated |
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G1 and G2
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gaps between S phase and mitosis
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Cell cycle order
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G1, S, G2, M
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differentiate
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-cells that are done dividing take on final shape
-arrested within G1 -also called G-0 |
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sister chromatids
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two identical copies of chromosomes
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histones
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balls of protein wrapped around DNA
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Chromatid
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-Formed when chromosomes condense
-made of chromatin |
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chromatin
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makes up chromatid
made from DNA and protein |
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cohesin
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holds sister chromatids together before condensing
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centromeres
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holds chromosomes together after condensing
X shape |
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kinetochore proteins
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-bind the mitotic spindle made of microtubules
-binds to centromeres |
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centrosomes
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structures at both sides of the cell that microtubules extend from
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molecular motor proteins
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-Within kinetochores
-pull chromosomes along microtubules |
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4 stages of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase
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Interphase
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1. chromosomes can't be seen
2. spindle is absent 3. nuclear membrane is intact 4. End of G2, centrosome duplicates |
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Prophase
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1. Chromosomes condense
2. Spindle forms 3. membrane intact |
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Late prophase
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-aka prometaphase
1. spindle contacts kinetochore/chromosomes 2. membrane breaks down |
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metaphase
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1. chromosomes aligned between centrosomes
2. spindle acts as a track pulls them to the middle 3. no membrane |
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anaphase
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1. chromosomes separate (cohesin destroyed)
2. spindle shortens and drags towards centrosomes 3. no membrane |
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telphase
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1. chromosomes decondense
2. spindle breaks down 3. membrane reforms 4. cytokinesis |
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cytokinesis
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-separation of 2 cells
-Animal cells- contractile ring of protein forms along midline |
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cytokinesis
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-separation of 2 cells
-Animal cells- contractile ring of protein forms along midline |
