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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which parasitic mites have zoonotic potential?
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-Scabies (both Sarcoptes Scabiei var. canis and Notedres cati)
-Cheyletiella |
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Describe several diagnostic techniques that could be used to diagnose Cheyletiellosis.
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-Visualization of parasite:
-Larger than sarcoptes -Prominent mouth hooks -Visualization of eggs: -Small and attached to hairs by fine strands -Methods of parasite visualization: -Direct examination of “walking dandruff” (w/ naked eye or hand lens) -Superficial skin scrape -Acetate tape preparation -Fecal floatation -Flea combing -Vacuum tests |
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Which parasitic mite have a reputation of causing extreme prurititis?
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-Scabies (both canine and feline)
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What is the pathogenesis of canine generalized demodecosis?
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-Disease only occurs when mites are able to proliferate out of control
-Dysfunction of T-lymphocytes -Hereditary predisposition (spay and neuter to prevent passing along unwanted traits) -Immune suppression |
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What are the clinical features of canine generalized demodecosis?
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-NO standardized number of lesions is set to distinguish between localized and generalized
-Must know how to differentiate the two b/c it affects treatment Rule of thumb: ->12 lesions or -Involvement of entire body region or -Involvement of two or more feet Variable presentation: -Pododemodicosis -Very painful -Often resistant to therapy -Squamos form is the initial form -Pusutular (bacterial) is the progression from squamos -Bacterial folliculitis => furunculosis =>deep pyoderma -Cellulitis => sepsis => death Adult Onset: -Usually have an underlying immunosuppressive disorder: relapsed juvenile form, iatrogenic cushings, natural cushings, DM, hypothyroidism, lymphoma, other neoplasia |
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What is the treatment for canine generalized demodecosis?
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-6-8 weeks of antibiotics
-Clavamox and Cephalosporin are good empirical options if there is no culture and sensitivity -Weekly Benzoyl peroxide shampoo -Identify and resolve the underlying disease -Acaricidals: -Amitraz dips -Ivermectin -Milbemycin -Clinical cure will be achieved before parasitological cure -Patients must be treated until 2 negative skin scrapes , 2-4 weeks apart -Scrape the same area and record the number of mites each time |
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What is the prognosis of canine generalized demodecosis?
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-Good
-90% respond well w/ treatment (still a risk of relapse) -Can be an extremely severe disease -Long length (min. 4 month) of treatment and cost |
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What is the pathogenesis of canine localized demodecosis?
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-Disease only occurs when mites are able to proliferate out of control
-Dysfunction of T-lymphocytes -Hereditary predisposition (spay and neuter to prevent passing along unwanted traits) -Immune suppression |
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What are the clinical features of canine localized demodecosis?
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a.k.a. Juvenile Onset:
-<18 months of age -Single to multiple (less than 6 lesions) of erythematous patches of alopecia -Found on face and forelegs |
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What is the treatment for canine localized demodecosis?
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-Often a self-limiting disease
-Watchful neglect -Benzoyl peroxide -Follicular flushing action and anti-bacterial -Recommend spay/neuter -Decline treatment for show and breeding dogs -Monitor monthly w/ skin scraping to ensure no progression |
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What is the prognosis for canine localized demodecosis?
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Good
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What are the clinical features of generalized Demodex cati?
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Even more rare than localized
-Siamese and Burmese are at risk -Usually has an underlying condition (FIV, FeLV, DM, Bowen’s disease, neoplasia) |
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What is the treatment for generalized Demodex cati?
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-Generally much easier than canine treatment
-Manage pyoderma -Lime sulfur dip -Ivermectin |
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What is the prognosis of generalized Demodex cati?
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Good
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What are the clinical features of localized Demodex cati?
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Rare condition
-Eyelids, neck, head, periocular -Differential for feline acne -Usually responsive to lime sulfur or other mild parasiticides -Often self-limiting |
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What is the treatment for localized Demodex cati?
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-Generally much easier than canine treatment
-Manage pyoderma -Lime sulfur dip -Ivermectin |
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What is the prognosis of localized Demodex cati?
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Good
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Where do Demodex canis mites colonize in the skin?
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Colonize the hair follicle and occasionally the sebaceous gland
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Describe the type of skin scraping that you would do to find Demodex.
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Must do a deep skin scraping to find them (scrape until capillary bleeding)
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What are the clinical features (types of lesions and distribution) of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in dog?
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-Mite has predilection for sparsely haired areas:
-Ears, elbow, hocks -Found predominatly ventrally distributed: -Abdomen, chest, legs -Initial primary lesion is erythematous papule +/- white, yellow crust -Chronicity and self-excoriation can lead to: -Alopecia -Thickened skin -Extensive crusting |
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How do you evaluate the treatment response of a dog w/ generalized demodicosis?
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-Evaluate based on the results of skin scrapings (looking for 2 negative skin scrapes 2-4 weeks apart)
-Watch for signs of toxicity on some of the drugs (i.e. Amitraz (mitaban) dip) -If unable to achieve resolution, recommend long-term maintenance therapy: -Oral ivermectin (2 days/week) –OR- Monthly amitraz dips |
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Which mite is the walking dandruff mite and how would you treat an animal infected w/ it?
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-Cheyletiella
Treatment: -Treat all contact animals for min. 4wks -Treat environment (pyrethrin spray) -Keratolytic shampoo -Topical therapy (Lime sulfur dip, mitaban dip, paramite) -Avermectins are effective -Fipronil (frontline) |
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In which disease is the use of corticosteroids contraindicated and why?
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-Demodex (animals are already immunocompromised esp. w/ the adult onset)
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How does a fecal floatation help you identify mange mites?
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-Some animals may excessively groom and ingest the mites and pass them in their feces
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What are the side effects and contraindications to the use of Amitraz?
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-Toxicity
-Hypoglycemia -Don’t use in small dogs (at very high risk for toxicity) -Don’t save the bottle (potency and toxicity increase when exposed to oxygen) -Can interact w/ other drugs and potentiate its toxicity: -Hydroxyzine (Atarax) -Behavioral drugs (Prozac) -Sedatives (Diazepam, Acepromazine) -MAO inhibitors (problem in humans) |
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What are the side effects and contraindications to the use of Ivermectin?
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-Toxicity
-Hypersaliviation -Mydriasis -Lethargy -Ataxia -Tremors -Coma -Death |
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Which mite may be extremely difficult to find?
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-Canine sarcoptes (a negative scrape does not rule out a diagnosis)
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What are some Differential diagnoses for Canine Demodicosis?
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Bacteria pyoderma
Dermatophytosis Muzzle folliculitis & furunculosis Canine impetigo Abrasions Contact dermatitis Pemphigus diseases Lupus erythmatosus Facial lesions of dermatomyositis |
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How would you treat Sarcoptic mange?
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-Treat all contact animals
-Environmental management -Clip if using dip -Keratolytic shampoo -Miticidal therapy : topical and systemic -Corticosteriods (animal may get itchier after starting treatmet) -Treat for 2 life cycles (6 weeks) -Lime-sulfur dips (6 weekly dips) Topical therapy: -Paramite -Organophosphate (watch for toxicity related problems) -Resistance occurs -Amitraz -Potential for toxicity -Dip q. 2 weeks for 3 treatments Systemic therapy: -Selamectin (Revolution) -Only FDA approved therapy for sarcoptes -Spot on therapy -2 applications q. 30d, -Wide safety of margin (even in collies) -Ivermectin -Watch for signs of toxicity (avoid in collies) -q. 7 days if PO and q.14 days of SQ -Milbemycin -Easy to use -q. 7 days for 6 weeks -Safer to use (even in susceptible breeds) |
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What is the pinnal-pedal reflex, and which mite is this associated with?
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Pinnal-Pedal Reflex = scratch the ear and the rear leg starts scratching
-Seen w/ canine sarcoptes |
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What are the three common species of Cheletiella mites?
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1. C. yasguri (dogs)
2. C. blakei (cats) 3. C. parasitivorax (rabbits) |
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Why does demodicosis develop in some dogs and not in other (even among litermates)?
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-It is part of the normal flora of canine hair follicle
-Animals who develop demodicosis are immunosuppressed, predisposed genetically, or have dysfunctioning T lymphocytes |
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What are the two major species of feline Demodex mites?
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Demodex cati
Demodex gatoi |
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What is the clinical presentation for localized and generalized Demodex cati infestations?
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LOCALIZED FOLLICULAR DEMODICOSIS:
-Rare condition -Eyelids, neck, head, periocular -Differential for feline acne -Usually responsive to lime sulfur or other mild parasiticides -Often self-limiting GENERALIZED: -Even more rare than localized -Siamese and Burmese are at risk -Usually has an underlying condition (FIV, FeLV, DM, Bowen’s disease, neoplasia) |
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What are some characteristics of Demodex gatoi?
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-Short bodied
-Found in the stratum corneum -Contagious -Pruritic -Hairs don't epilate easily |
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What is the distribution of Demodex gatoi lesions?
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-Head, neck, elbow
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What are the signs of Demodex gatoi infestations?
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-Alopecia
-Scale, erythema -Excessive grooming -More puritic than D. cati |
