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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why has the idea of "transformation" emerged? |
Because "resolution" has been corrupted as a concept, now meaning everything from coercion through sanctions to "bombing for peace."
It has also become "business" for third parties (and their own interests) instead of grassroots - "win-win-win."
Resolution now connotes superficial agreement.
Conflict transformation might actually be more comprehensive. |
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What is involved in "transformation?" |
A change in the conflict itself, or a change in the socio-political structure or system. Change lead into gold.
Resolution might just be a quantitative negotiation. Transformation is a qualitative shift. |
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What do most scholars agree is included in "transformation?" |
structural transformation - i.e. changing the social or political system |
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What are the 4 types of changes that can happen in a conflict (even if all 4 aren't considered "transformation)? |
Actor transformation Issue Transformation Rule Transformation Structural Transformation |
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What is actor transformation? |
Adding, subtracting, or internal changes to current actors.
-This is often considered to be a normal part in the evolution of a conflict. |
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What is Issue Transformation? |
Alteration of the political agenda of the conflict; changing what the conflict is "about."
-usually considered a normal part of conflict dynamics
-many scholars do actually consider this as part of "transformation." |
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What is Rule Transformation? |
Changes in the norms (of behavior, speaking) in the conflict; also limiting the ways the parties relate.
-usually considered a normal part of conflict. |
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What is Structural Transformation? |
Changing the whole structure of inter-party relations. |
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What are the two major ideas about what "transformation" is? |
It is sometimes considered a process, sometimes considered an end state. |
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Discuss the Liberia conflict in the 1990s |
Structural change would be necessary because two factions battled over a centralized presidency that gave power and wealth.
A decentralized solution would have given everyone legitimacy in their own areas, wealth, etc.
In reality, there was a ceasefire, supervised elections, a faction took power, and it keeps power through oppression of the opposition and awaits another violent struggle.
So, it was resolution (temporary), not transformation (long-term change) |
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What do most scholars agree is included in conflict transformation? |
multi-level participation,
empowering the 'underdogs' to create equality,
ensuring control of the process by those who are affected,
long-term and short-term focus,
well-suited 3rd parties who understand,
proactive creativity by both sides,
lasting procedures that withstand predicted issues,
education about why the conflict arose to include the socio-political system |
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What are the three major elements of structural transformation? (condensed version of the longer list) |
Transforming people Transforming structures Transforming relationships |
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The best way to destroy your enemy is... |
... to make him your friend. - Arab proverb |
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What are the two dimensions of relationships? |
Behavioral Cognitive/Affective |
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What is a relationship? |
a sequence of interactions between entities. |
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How do we draw a line between "old conflicts reemerging" and "new conflicts?" |
It's difficult, and there's not a solid answer. Some conflicts with the same parties have changed so much that they can be considered new, while some seemingly new ones are old conflicts with the same root causes.
But, the difference might be irrelevant. |
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What does Ed Azar think about rapid economic transformation? |
It can cause a conflict because it often creates two economic sectors with uneven growth. So, it's tricky to define what we think transformation ought to be. |
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Why do some scholars not include all positive changes in "transformation?" |
Because many positive changes just lead back to the status quo, which is where the conflict started... "restoration."
It doesn't seem to attack the original causes, which is why Mitchell doesn't like this as "transformation." |
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What does Mitchell claim is required for "transformation?" |
socio-political changes at the system level or structural level. |
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By transforming people, what else is transformed? |
The nature of the conflict and the relationship. |
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What is meant by transforming people? |
transforming them morally and cognitively, to include giving them recognition and making them able to recognize others |
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How to we transform the relationship? |
transform behavior, equality, or cognitive aspects |
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How do people become empowered? |
By being to define their own goals in their own terms. This validates their goals and their importance. |
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How do we change society? |
By changing lots of individuals, at all levels: political, societal, grass-roots. We also have to create a sense of shared responsibility. |
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What are the changes that people go through in transformation processes? |
1. Re-framing the issues for understanding 2. Acknowledge legitimacy of the other 3. Own up to responsibility 4. Acknowledge the other's goals 5. Recognize short/long-term trust 6. Sense of confidence in finding solutions 7. Willingness to include others' interests 8. Acknowledge grievances 9. Accept structural change may be required 10. Accept a new definition of "justice." |
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Why is structural change "categorical?" |
Because solutions aren't durable if the conflict-causing conditions still exist within the structure. |
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What did Curl say about relationships? How should they change? |
They should go from unpeaceful to peaceful. This involves different tactics depending on the type of relationship. |
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What are the types of relationships? |
1. Equal parties, equal awareness (negotiate)
2. Unequal parties, equal awareness (make equal)
3. Unequal parties, unequal awareness (educate and make equal) |
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What is exchanged in a relationship? |
material, energy, information |
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What dimension of a relationship is "interpreting signals" or "understanding" gestures? |
cognitive |
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So, to change a relationship, we change what? |
Either behavior or interpretation of it. (the 2 dimensions) |
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Mitchell submits four qualities of relationships for consideration. What are they? |
1) imbalanced to balanced exchanges - equal value of exchange
2) dependent to independent exchanges - each party depends on the transformation equally
3) dissonant to consonant evaluation - all parties have similar opinions about the value of the transformation - no more happy slaves
4) non-legitimized to legitimized evaluations of the relationship - both parties find the exchange fair and just |
