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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognitive dissonance
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the tendency for people to resist new information and ideas
OR the general psychological tendency to deny discrepancies between one's preexisting beliefs (cognitions) and new information |
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international relations
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the way global actors interact in their
individual and collective efforts to modify existing global circumstances and how these interactions shape the ultimate trajectories of global trends |
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world politics
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the study of how global actors' activities entail the exercise of influence to achieve and defend their goals and ideals, and how it affects the world at large
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state
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an independent legal entity with a government exercising exclusive control over the population and territory it governs
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nation
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a collectivity whose people see themselves as members of the same group because they share the same ethnicity, culture, or language
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intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
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institutions created and joined by state's governments, which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage a particular problems on the global agenda
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nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
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transnational organizations of private citizens maintaining consultative status with the UN; they include professional associations, foundations, multinational corporations, or simply internationally active groups in different states joined together to work toward common interests
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levels of analysis
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the different aspects of and agents that may be stressed in interpreting and explaining global phenomena, depending on whether the analyst chooses to focus on "wholes" (the complete global system and large collectivities) or on "parts" (individual states or people)
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individual level of analysis
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an analytical approach that emphasizes the psychological and perceptual variables motivating people
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state level of analysis
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an analytical approach that emphasizes how the internal attributes of states influence their foreign policy behaviors
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global level of analysis
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an analytical approach that emphasizes the impact of worldwide conditions on foreign policy behavior and human welfare
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great powers
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the most powerful countries, militarily and economically, in the global system
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anarchy
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a condition in which the units in the global system are subjected to few, if any, overarching institutions to regulate their conduct
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theory
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a set of hypotheses postulating the relationship between variables or conditions advanced to describe, explain, or predict phenomena and make prescriptions about how to pursue particular goals and follow ethical principles
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paradigm
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a model, or an essential pattern; structures thought about an area of inquiry
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realism
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a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially a struggle among self-interested states for power and position in anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests
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neoconservative
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a political movement in the United States calling for the use of military and economic power in foreign policy to bring freedom and democracy to other countries
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self-help
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the principle that because in international anarchy all global actors are independent, they must rely on themselves to provide for their security and well-being
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relative gains
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conditions in which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others
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national interest
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the goals that states pursue to maximize what they perceive to be selfishly best for their country
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security dilemma
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the tendency of states to view the defensive arming of adversaries as threatening, causing them to arm in response so that all states' security declines
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balance of power
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the theory that peace and stability are most likely to be maintained when military power is distributed to prevent a single superpower hegemon or bloc from controlling the world
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neorealism
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a theoretical account of states' behavior that explains it as determined by differences in their relative power within the global hierarchy, defined primarily by the distribution of military power, instead of by other factors such as their values, types of government, or domestic circumstances
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liberalism
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a paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world
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diplomacy
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communication and negotiation between global actors that is not dependent upon the use of force and seeks a cooperative solution
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neoliberalism
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the "new" liberal theoretical perspective that accounts for the way international institutions promote global change, cooperation, peace, and prosperity through collective programs for reforms
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responsibility to protect
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unanimously adopted in a resolution by the UN General Assembly in 2005, this principle holds that the international community must help protect populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity
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constructivism
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a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is a function of the ways that states construct and then accept images of reality and later respond to the meanings given to power politics; as consensual definitions change it is possible for either conflictual or cooperative practices to evolve
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dependency theory
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a theory hypothesizing that less developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries that create exploitative rules for trade and production
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long-cycle theory
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a theory that focuses on the rise and fall of the leading global power as the central political process of the modern world system
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hegemon
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a preponderant state capable of dominating the conduct of international political and economic relations
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nationalism
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a mind-set of glorifying a particular state and the nationality group living in it, which sees that state's interest as a supreme value
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facism
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a far-right ideology that promotes extreme nationalism and the establishment of an authoritarian society built around a single party with dictatorial leadership
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ideology
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a set of core philosophical principles that leaders and citizens collectively construct about politics, the interests of political actors, and the ways people ought to behave
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sphere of influence
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a region of the global dominated by a great power
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