Misc-- Routes & Formulations, Body Systems, Inventory Management

Front 1

cardiovascular system

Back 1

distributes blood throughout body using blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)

Front 2

endocrine system

Back 2

glands secrete hormones (chemicals that assist in regulating body fxns)

Front 3

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 3

contains organs involved in digestion of foods and absorption of nutrients

Front 4

integumentary system

Back 4

body's first line of defense, acting as barrier against diseases and other hazards

Front 5

lymphatic system

Back 5

center of body's immune system.

Lymphocytes: white blood cell helps body defend itself against bacteria and diseased cells

Front 6

muscular system

Back 6

body contains over 600 muscles; give shape and move body

Front 7

nervous system

Back 7

body's system of communication. Neuron (nerve cell) is its basic functional unit

Front 8

Enteral route of administration

Back 8

anything involving tract from mouth to rectum

3 eternal routs: (answer on third side)

Hint 8

oral
sublingual
rectal

Front 9

Parental administration route

Back 9

Any route other than enteral

(more on third side)

Hint 9

IV, needles, etc.

solutions must be sterile, have an appropriate pH, and be limited in volume

used in emergencies; when enteral is too slow

Front 10

subcutaneous injections

- areas
- uses
- most important drug

Back 10

back of upper arm
front of thigh
lower portion of abdomen
upper back

SC, SQ route both for short term and long term therapies

insulin is most important SC/SQ drug

Front 11

Intravenous sites

Back 11

veins of antecubital area (in front of elbow)

back of hand

larger veins in foot

vein must be exposed by surgical cut in some instances

Front 12

Intramuscular injections

Back 12

principle sites of injection:
gluteal maximums (buttocks)
deltoid (upper arm)
vastus lateralis (thigh) muscles

generally result in lower but longer lasting blood concentrations than intravenous admin.

Front 13

Intradermal injections

Back 13

small volumes injected into top layer of skin

anterior surface of forearm = usual place

Front 14

ophthalmic formulations

Back 14

must be sterile in its final container

major problem: immediate loss of dose by natural spillage from eye

Front 15

intranasal formulations

Back 15

primarily for decongestant activity on nasal mucosa (cellular lining of nose)

- decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids

some amount of drug often swallowed, resulting in systematic effect

Front 16

inhalation formulations

Back 16

intended to deliver drugs to pulmonary system (lungs). Most forms are aerosols, depend on power of compressed or liquified gas to expel from container.

gaseous, volatile anesthetics are most important drugs

other act as bronchodialators, or treat allergic symptoms

examples on slide 3

Hint 16

adrenocorticoid steroids 9beclomesthasone),
bronchodiolators (epinephrine, isoproterenol, metaproterenol, aluterol),
antiallergics (cromolyn sodium)

Front 17

dermal formulations

Back 17

most for local (topical) effects on or within skin. used to treat minor skin infections, itching, burns, diaper rash, insect stings/bites, athlete's foot, corns, calluses, warts, dandruff, acne, psoriasis, eczema.

major disadvantage: amout of drug absorbed limited to ~2mg/hr

Front 18

vaginal administration

Back 18

solutions, powders for solutions, ointments, creams, aerosol foams, suppositories, tablets, and IUDs. Leads to variable absorption since agina is a physiologically and anatomically dynamic organ with pH and absorbtion charracteristics changing over time. Another disadvantage: admin of formulation during menstration could predispose patient to TSS

Front 19

properties of sterile parenteral formulations

Back 19

solutiosn for injection or infusion must be sterile, free of isible particulate material, pyrogen-free, stablefor intended use, have pH ~7.4, most cases: isotonic

Front 20

peritoneal dialysis solutions

Back 20

used by patients who do not have functioning kidneys to remove toxic substances, excess body waste, and serum electrolytes through osmosis

Front 21

laminar flow hood

Back 21

establishes and maintains ultraclean work area for preparation of IV admixtures

Front 22

biological safety cabinets

Back 22

used in preparation of hazardous drugs. protect personnel and environment from contamination

Front 23

aseptic techniques

Back 23

maintain sterility of all sterile items and are used in preparing IV administrations

Front 24

syringes

Back 24

- size 1 to 60 ml
- syringe size used is one size larger than volume to be measured
- solution volume measured to edge of plunger's stopper while syringe is held upright and all air has been removed from the syringe

Front 25

needles sizes

Back 25

Needle sizes indicated by length and gauge. Higher gauge number, smaller lumen (hollow bore of needle shaft). Large needles may be needed with highly viscous solutions but are more likely to cause coring

Front 26

filters

Back 26

often used to remove contaminating particles from solutions.

2 basic groups: depth filters and membrane filters

Front 27

piggybacks

Back 27

small volumes of fluid (usually 50-100 ml) infused into administration set of an LVP solution

Front 28

open formulary

Back 28

allows purchase of any medication that is prescribed

Front 29

closed formulary

Back 29

limited list of approved medications

Front 30

wholesalers

Back 30

government licensed and regulated

buy from manufacturer, resell to hospitals, pharmacies, etc.

Front 31

schedule II substances

Back 31

must be stocked separately in secure place and require a special order form for reordering.

stock must be continually monitored and documented

Front 32

perpetual inventory

Back 32

system maintains continuous record of every item in inventory so that it always shows the stock on hand

Front 33

turnover

Back 33

rate at which inventory is used

Front 34

maintenance therapy

Back 34

therapy for chronic conditions, including depression, gastrointestinal disorders, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes

Front 35

home infusion

Back 35

infusion administered at home, fastest growing area of home health care

primary therapies: antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, pain management, chemotherapy

Front 36

distributive pharmacist

Back 36

long-term care pharmacist responsible for making sure patients receive correct medicines that were ordered