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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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oligodendroglial inclusions
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PML
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Kernohan's notch seen in
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transtentorial (uncal) herniation
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meduallry dysfunction caused by this herniation
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cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
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arachnoid granulations and aqueduct of sylvius
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obstruction of CSF flow
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heterotopia
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grey matter lining lateral ventricle is abnormal; disorder of neuroblast migration (8 wks-birth)
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Late destructive lesions
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25th wk on
germinal matrix, choroid plexus, and parenchymal hemorrhages periventricular leucomalacia |
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Lobe of brain last to myelinate
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temporal lobe
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myelin loss with sparing of subcortical U fibers
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leucodystrophies
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subdural hematomas common in this population
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elderly due to brain atrophy and more brain movement which can lead to tearing of bridging meningeal veins
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post-traumatic syndromes
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hydrocephalus
dementia epilepsy, meningioma, infection psychiatric disorders |
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periventricular plaques
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MS (has "lesions separated in time and space")
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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monophasic AI disease with myelin destruction
may follow viral infection or vaccine |
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correct hyponatremia too quickly
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cerebral pontine myelinolysis
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Pale areas of infarction
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thrombotic
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red areas of infarction
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embolic
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cerebral amyloid angiopathy
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usually same amyloid found in AD
causes hemorrhage |
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microaneurysms due to HTN often seen here
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basal ganglia; also can occur in pons
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AV malformation
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can cause seizures or hemorrhages
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cavernous angiomas
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can lead to hemorrhages
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venous malformations with no pathology
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venous angioma and capillary telangiectasis
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Binswanger Disease
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white matter infarct
hypertensive person becomes hypotensive and there is decreased perfusion of white matter |
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leucairosis
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periventricular CT changes
clinical sig. unknown common in elderly |
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Cerebritis
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non-viral acute brain inflammation leading to liquifactive necrosis and abscess formation
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CSF in meningitis
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cloudy or purulent
increased pressure, PMNs, protein decreased glucose bacterial organisms present |
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meningitis in infants
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e. coli
group B strep strep pneumoniae |
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meningitis in children
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H. influenzae
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meningitis in teens
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N. meninigitidis
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meningitis in adults
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strep pneumo
listeria |
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granulation tissue in brain
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abscess
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Tuberculous meningoencephalitis
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lymphatic meningoencephalitis
obliterative endarteritis granuloma formation |
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exudate over base of brain in
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meningoencephalitis
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Charcot joints
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neurosyphilis
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Viral infections of
meningies temporal lobes dorsal ganglion motor neurons cholinergic neurons oligos |
coxsackie, ECHO, mumps
herpes simplex herpes zoster polio and west nile rabies JC virus --> PML |
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latent in sensory ganglia
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herpes zoster
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latent as an inactive infection
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JC virus --> PML
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latent as altered, non-infective virus
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measles which causes SSPE
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nuclear viral inclusion bodies
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herpes and PML
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Brain tumors in children
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medulloblastoma
pilocytic astrocytoma ependymoma |
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brain tumors in adults
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meningiomas
glioblastomas astrocytomas schwannoma lymphoma |
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tumors of spinal cord
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astrocytoma
ependymoma |
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tumors of nerve root
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meningioma and schwannoma
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malignant astrocytomas
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low grade
anaplastic glioblastoma |
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benign astrocytomas
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pilocytic
pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma of TS |
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fibrillar and loose growth areas
rosenthal fibers |
pilocytic astrocytoma
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chicken wire pattern
fried egg appearance microcalcifications |
oligodendroglioma (low grade malignancy)
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ganglion cell tumor
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benign and composed of large, mature neurons
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central neurocytomas
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benign and composed of small, mature neurons
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dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor
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benign childhood tumor
presents with seizures |
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normal neurons that float in a mucinous matrix b/w vessels lined by small round cells
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dysembryoplastic NE tumor
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many different lines of differentiation and round accumulations of filaments
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teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
high grade tumor of early childhood |
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ependymoma
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slow growing (low grade)
may seed SA space 4 year survival ribboned appearance |
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intracranial ependymoma
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primarily in 1st two decades of life
in 4th ventricle |
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intraspinal ependymoma
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seen in adults
more easily resected |
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medulloblastoma
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most common malignant brain tumor of children
arises from cerebellar vermis |
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CNS tumor of eldery and immunosupressed
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primary brain lymphoma
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EBV genome present in these tumors
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primary brain lymphoma
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tumors collect in periventricular space
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primary brain lymphoma
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meningiomas
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benign tumors derived from arachnoid cells
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whorls of spindled cells and psammoma bodies
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meningiomas
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hemangioblastoma
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benign, vascular neoplasm of adults
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causes erythrocytosis and most common in the cerebellum
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hemangioblastoma
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cells with foamy cytoplasm
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hemangioblastoma
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brains mets originate in
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lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI
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mets sharply demarcated except this one
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melanoma
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schwannoma
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adjacent to nerve
encapsulated easily resected |
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antoni type A and antoni type B areas
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schwannoma
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true palisades
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schwannoma
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pseudopalisades
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glioblastoma
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perivascular rossettes
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ependymoma
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NF Type II
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bliateral schwannomas of CN VIII
predisposes to meningiomas and gliomas |
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NF Type I
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multiple peripheral neurofibromas
pigmented nodules in iris cafe-au-lait spots in skin increased incidence of malignant tumors |
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subependymal giant cell astrocytoma ass. with
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tuberous sclerosis
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hamartomas in brain and eye and angiofibromas of face
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tuberous sclerosis
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von-hippel-lindau
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multiple hamangioblastomas of cerebellum, eyes, and spinal cord
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pancreatic and renal cysts
renal cell carcinoma adrenal pheochromocytoma |
von-hippel-lindau disease
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wallerian degeneration occurs when
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axon is acutely cut or damaged
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"dying back"
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when an axon is chronically ill
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schwann cell infection, demyelination, and neuronal loss
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lepromatous leprosy
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% of diabetics with neuropathy after 25 yrs with disease
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50
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sclerosis of intrafascicular arterioles
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diabetic neuropathy
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ALS
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myelinated fiber loss in both lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
ascending paralysis sparing of sensory modalities |
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werdnig-hoffman disease
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severe infantile hypotonia
death within 1-2 years mutation in survival motor neuron 1 |
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congenital myopathies
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fixed, nonprogressive
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inclusion body myositis
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does not respond to steriods
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DMD
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x-linked
dystrophin deficiency death by early 20s |
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altered staining properties of fibers, vacuolization, and mac invasion
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myofiber degeneration
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central, enlarged nuclei
basophilia |
myofiber regeneration
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delta lesions
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seen in DMD
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phosphorylase (McArdle) def.
Phosphofructokinase def |
both adult onset
exercise intolerance, later weakness |
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Acid maltase def.
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severe neonatal hypotonia
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subsarcolemmal glycogen deposits
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phosphorylase def
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glycogen fills entire myofiber
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acid maltase
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systemic carnitine deficiency
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hepatic insufficiency and encephalopathy
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ragged red fiber
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mitochondrial myopathy
seen in muscle, heart, nerve, retina, and brain |
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type II atrophy seen with
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disuse
chronic disease cachexia corticosteriod use |
