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57 Cards in this Set

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Electron Transport Chain / Chemiosmosis
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC. The electrons flow down the chain of carriers, they lose energy which the cell captures in the form of ATP molecules. The final product is water (uses molecular oxygen)
ETC Carriers, 3 different types of molecules (moving electron down chain and capturing energy)
Flavorproteins
Cytochromoes
Ubiquinoes
Flavoproteins
contain flavin as redox coenzyme
Cytochromes
Use heme group (iron) to shuttle electrons
Ubiquinones
Only ones that aren't proteins
What is the Chemiosmotic Mechanism? (capture energy from redox chain)
Know about proton gradient on outside of membrane, chemical force pushing protons back into cell (Proton Motive Force) As proton passes through creates energy, for each 2 protons you get an ATP. See lecture 8 picture
Summary of Cell Carbon Metabolism (Heterotropic Metabolism)
- Total aerobic respiration yield is 38 ATP in prokaryote
- 36 ATP in eukaryotes
- The bulk of the ATP is generated through the ETC. This is called oxidative phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
used by many organisms to generate energy and carbon
- plants
- many types of bacteria
Two distinct phases-light and dark reactions (capture of energy from light)
1. Light Reaction: photophosphorylation
2. Dark Reactions: Calvin-Benson Cycle
Light Reactions: photophosphorylation
- cyclic reaction uses no other inputs besides light energy
- Non-cyclic photophosphorylation generates oxygen gas, uses water
Dark Cycle: Calvin-Benson Cycle
- Light-Independent or dark reactions
- End result is the production of glucose for use in cell metabolism
- This is carbon "fixation"
- Cost of CB cycle is 18 ATP and 12 NADPH
Energy and Carbon Sources
All organisms need carbon and energy to survive-other things too, but these are the largest components of metabolism
Carbon Sources:
- Autotrophy
- Heterotrophy
Autotrophy: fixation of carbon dioxide
Hetero
Energy Sources:
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
look at slide
Anabolism
utilized to make amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, polysaccharides and lipids
Microbial Metabolism: can be catergorized into 4 groups based on these carbon and energy regimes
1. Photoautorophys
2. Photoheterotrophs
3. Chemoautotrophs
4. Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotrophy
- Organisms that ca derive engery from sunlight, carbon from CO2
Oxygenic photoautotrophys
Non-cylic photophosphorylation-release O2
- Cyanobacteria,a green algae
Photoheterotrophy
Purple non-sulfur bacteria
Rhodopseudomonas
Green non-sulfur bacteria
Chloroflexus
Photoheterotrophy: Organisms that use light for ____ sources, but are unable to fix _____
- Energy; CO2
Photoheterotrophy: Bacteria of this type must use organic ______ as a source of cell material
- Carbon
Chemoautotrophs:
Instead of using light, these microbes use ______ _____ reactions as sources of energy
- inorganic redox
Chemoautotrophs: are able to fix _____, but need a source of energy
- CO2
Chemoautotrophs: to gain energy, the bacteria ______ these compounds-often use ___ as the Terminal electron acceptor
- oxidize; O2
Chemoautotrophs: have many different possible sources of energy, not using glucose for their source, must be autotrophic
- (sulfur compounds) Beggiatoa,
- (Ammonia) Nitrosomonas,
- (Hydrogen gas) Hydrogenomonas,
- (Ferrous Iron) Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Lithotrophy
- Uses inorganic chemistry to acquire energy (rock-easters)
- Ex: oxidize hydrogen sulfide (vent tubeworm associated bacteria), oxidize iron (Shewanella oncidensis)
Chemoheterotrophs:
Organsism that use organis carbon compounds as sources of both _____ and _______
- Carbon and energy
Chemoheterotrophs: All _____ fall into this category
Pathogens
Chemoheterotrophs: A ____ is an organism that uses dead organism material for nutrients
Saprophyte
Chemoheterotrophs: ______ is an organism that feeds off of living material
Parasite
Microbial Growth: Bacterial growth is the ____ of bacterial cells by _____ _____
division; binary fission
Bacteria in a liquid broth culture can grow to very _____ _______
High Densities
Bacteria on an agar plate can grow to form _______
Colonies
Schematic Representation of Biofilm 4 stages
1. Association
2. Adhesion
3. Microcolony formation
4. Biofilm formation
Conditions for Growth: Bacterial growth is dictated by the physical environment in which the organisms find themselves
- Temperature
- Nutrients
- pH
- Pressure
These conditions will determine the specific ____ _____
Growth Rates
Temperature Effects
- Each species grows in a temperature range with a max, mix, and optimal temperature
pH can effect bacterial growth
Bacteria will grow with a pH optimum, typically in the range from __-__
5-9 (mildly acidic to mildly basic)
Acidophiles are _____ that thrive under acidic condition
Microbes
Microbes have been isolated from coal mine drainage water than can survive ph __
pH 1 (strong acid)
Halotolerance (osmotolerance)
Most bacteria can tolerate salts at concentrations up to about ___% - plasmolysis at higher concentrations
2%
Bacteria such as staphylococci are mildly halotolerant (up to __-__%)
10-15%
Obligately halophilic organisms may require ___% salt to survive
30% is required!
Nutrients Requirements: To grow bacteria in the lab we can use a variety of nutrient media. We may define the medium in terms of exactly what nutrients are in it. We might use an undefined medium, for example sheep's blood and tryptone (enyzmatic digest of beef)
In either case, we know that certain elements are required for growth
Major Nutrients:
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Sulfur and Phosphorus
Micronutrients:
- Organic trace elements (i.e. FAD, NAD, CoA)
- Many enzymatic functions require certain inorganic (Iron, Copper, Zinc) trace elements
Oxygen is not a nutrient, Oxygen is a toxic in molecular forms
- Bacterial use enzymes to detoxify various reactive oxygen forms-hydrogen peroxide, free radicals
- Superoxide dismutase, Catalase
Bacterial Response to Oxygen: Obligate aerobes
cannot grow in the absense of exygen
Facultative Anaerobes
Grow using fermentation pathways in the absense of O2
Microaerophiles
grow only in the presence of small concentrations
Aerotolerant
can survive in the presence of oxygen, but cannot grow
Obligate anaerobes
are killed by oxygen radicals generated in cells in the presence of 02
Aerobic v. Anaerobic Growth
Aerobic growth is easier
- Incubator for constant temperature
Anaerobic: need airtight chamber, obligate anaerobes are killed by exposure to any oxygen, need to add reducing agent
Defined v. Undefined Media
Nutrient Broth: if you wants lots of bacteria
Defined E. Coli medium: i.e. to what extent is this medium able to extract phosphate, manipulate details of growth, growth rates in response to change
Anaerobic Jar
- Sucks out oxygen, and get very low oxygen, not total absence of oxygen
- Glove Box total lack of oxygen
Other special growth environments
- Some bacteria can only grow in animal cells, and then infect the animal cells
- Mycobacterium leprae is grown in armadillos (natural hosts)