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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drugs are Beta Lactams?
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Monobactam
Penicillins Cephalosporins/Cephamycin Clavulanic Thienamycin Carbepenems |
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What drugs are Glycopeptides?
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Vancomycin
Ramoplanin* Dalbavancin* Oritavancin (* Investigational) |
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What antibacterials target the cell wall?
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Beta-lactams
glycopeptides |
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What antibacterials target making of the cell wall?
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Bacitracin (used topically)
Fosfomycin D-cycloserine (Used in TB infections) |
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What antibacterials target the cell membrane?
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Daptomycin (newly detailed drug)
Polymyxins (Older class of drugs) |
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What antibacterials target Protein Synthesis (Targets the ribosome)?
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Aminoglycosides
Oxazolidinones Tetracycline/Glycycline Chloramphenicol Macrolide/Azalide/Ketolide Lincosamide Streptogramin |
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What are the Aminoglycosides and what do they target?
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Streptomycin (Important for TB infections)
Gentamycin (Most commonly used in hospitals Tobramycin Amikacin These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What are the Oxazolidinones and what do they target?
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Linezolid
These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What are the Tetracyclines/Glycyclines and what do they target?
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Tetracycline
Doxycycline Minocycline Tigecycline These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What are the Macrolides/Azalide/Ketolides and what do they target?
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Erythromycin
Clarithromycin Azithromycin Telithromycin These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What are the Lincosamides and what do they target?
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Clindamycin
These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What ar ethe Streptogramins and what do they target?
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Quinopristin-Dalpopristin
These all target the ribosome (ribosomal inhibitors) |
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What antibacterials target DNA/RNA Synthesis?
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Quinolones
Folate antagonists Nitroimidazole Rifamycin |
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What are the Quinolones and what do they target?
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Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin Gatifloxacin Moxifloxacin Grepafloxacin YadaYadaYadaFloxacin These all target DNA/RNA synthesis |
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What are the Folate Antagonists and what do they target?
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Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxozole
These all target DNA/RNA synthesis |
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What are the Nitroimidazoles and what do they target?
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Metronidazole
These all target DNA/RNA synthesis |
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What are the Rifamycins and what do they target?
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Rifampin (Important drug for TB)
These all target DNA/RNA synthesis |
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How do Beta-Lactams function?
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They inhibit transpeptidase (enzyme involved in peptidoglycan assembly)
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How do Glycopeptides function?
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They inhibit both transpeptidase and transglycosidase
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What are the Penicillin group drugs?
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Penicillin G(IV)
Penicillin V(PO) Ampicillin (IV) Amoxicillin (PO) Nafcillin (IV) Oxacillin (IV) Dicloxacillin (PO) Ticarcillin (IV) Piperacillin (IV) |
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What are the Cephalosporin Group drugs?
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Cefazolin (IV)
Cephalexin (PO) Cefuroxime (IV/PO) Ceftriaxone (IV) Cefotaxime (IV) Ceftazidime (IV) Cefepime (IV) Cefoxitin (IV) Cefotetan (IV) |
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What are the Carbepenems Group drugs?
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Imipenem (IV)
Meropenem (IV) Ertapenem (IV) |
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What are the Monobactam group Drugs?
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Aztreonam (IV)
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What are the gram positive methods of resistance to Beta-Lactams?
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Produce Beta-lactamase
Altered transpeptidase Increase transpeptidase amount |
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What are the gram negative methods of resistance to Beta-Lactams?
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Change in porin structure on the outer membrane
Beta-lactamase in the periplasmic space Efflux pumps Altered transpeptidase |
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Use of Fosfomycin?
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Licensed for UTI infections
Drug is broad spectrum for both gram positives and gram negatives Use in treatment of certain E.coli infections in the intestinal tract (EHEC = Enterohemorrhagic E.coli) |
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Use of Cycloserine?
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Used for drug resistant TB and for re-treatment of TB
Always used with other drugs to prevent emergence of resistant mutants Major side effects: Affect the CNS |
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Use of Bacitracin?
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Prevents translocation of disaccharide monomers across plasma membrane during assembly of cell wall
Transiently reduces the number of SA organisms in "staph carriers" by topical application on the nose |
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How does daptomycin function?
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Lipopeptide - lipid (hydrophobic) attached to a cyclic sugar (hydrophilic)
Binds cell membranes and causes ion channel depolarization (calcium dependent) Spectrum: Resistant Gram-positives (eg. Staph Aureus) Not useful in lungs (pneumonia) or urine (UTIs) Side effect: Myopathy |
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How does Polymyxins (Including Colistin) function?
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Lipopeptide
Binds LPS (lipopolysaccharide) Ionophore - more toxic in human body than daptomycin because it has liver, CNS , and kidney effects Spectrum: Resistant gram-negative rods (DRUG OF LAST RESORT) |
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What are the chemical carcinogens?
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Benzanthracene (skin cancer, sarcomas).
Benzopyrene in tobacco smoke (lung cancer). Beta-naphthalamine (bladder cancer) Nitrosamines (gastric cancer). Nitroso compounds in tobacco smoke (lung cancer). Asbestos (lung cancer, mesothelioma). Vinyl chloride (hemangiosarcoma of liver). Arsenic (skin cancer). Chromium, nickel, other metal (lung cancer). Aflatoxin (Liver cancer). |
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What are the viral carcinogens?
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Hepatitis B Virus Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Epstein-Barr (EB) virus Burkitt's lymphoma. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Herpes virus, Type 2 Warts and cancer of cervix. Human Papilloma Virus Warts and cancer of cervix. HTLV-1 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. HIV-1 Kaposi's sarcoma. |
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What are the radiation carcinogens?
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Ultraviolet rays Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma
X-rays Skin cancer, bone cancer Miners of radioactive elements Lung cancer Atom bomb radiation Leukemia Therapeutic radiation Thyroid cancer to head and neck Thorium Liver cancer |
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What are the specific chromosomal changes linked to cancer and what are the common names for them?
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CML: t(9:22)(Philadelphia chromosome)
Burkitt’s lymphoma: t(8;14) Retinoblastoma: (-13) Wilms' tumor: (-11) Neuroblastoma: Gene amplification (N-myc). |
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What do Oncogenese code for with regards to proteins in cellular proliferation?
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Growth Factors - Sis
Growth Factor Receptors - Erb Signal Transducing Proteins - Ras Nuclear Regulatory Protiens - Myc |
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What are the Aminoglycoside type drugs?
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Streptomycin
Gentamycin/Tobramycin Amikacin |
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What are the types of resistances to antibiotics that bacteria can perform?
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Enzymatic modification
Altered ribosomal target Decreased permeability |
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What is an example of an Oxazolidinone?
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Linezolid (aka Zivox)
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What are the properties of Linezolid?
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Given orally or by IV
Spectrum: Gram + Mechanism: Binds 50S subunits, preventing it from binding to the mRNA Resistance: changing the ribosomal binding site so the drug can't bind Side Effects: Hematologic (usually thrombocytopenia) and Neuropathy |
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What are the different tetracyclines and methods of administration?
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Tetracycline (PO)
Doxycycline (IV/PO) Minocycline (IV/PO) Tigecycline (IV) |
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What are the properties of Tetracyclines?
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Mechanism: Alter the A-site on the 30S subunit, not allowing the tRNA to bind
Long acting Spectrum: Broad, Gram -, Gram +, anaerobes Resistance Mechanisms: Efflux pump, Ribosomal protection, Modification of molecule, Modification of ribosome target Side effects: Ring captures photons, bad photosensitivity |
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What are the properties of Chloramphenical (Oldie but goodie)?
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Mechanism: Binds 50S, blocking the A site
Broad spectrum activity Very cheap: used a lot in developing countries Side Effects: Dose dependent, reversible anemia and Dose-independent, idiosyncratic, irreversible aplastic anemia (very big deal) Resistance Mechanism: Enzymatic modification |
