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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population size before european arrival
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in us: 15-20 million
in mexico: 20 million |
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location of population before euro arrival
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disease, soil epidemics
Further White expansion leads to further removal and displacement n Constant war and battle n Railroad expansion leads to slaughter of Buffalo n Passage of the 1862 Homestead Act (MANIFEST DESTINY) |
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andrew jackson built his platform on
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indian removal act
- seminole fought back as well as others engaged US in a costly war - trail of tears 1838 |
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five civilized tribes
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cherokees
creeks choctaws seminole chickasaws |
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Impact of Manifest Destiny
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Further White expansion leads to further removal and displacement
n Constant war and battle n Railroad expansion leads to slaughter of Buffalo n Passage of the 1862 Homestead Act |
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Reservation System
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Goal was to Domesticate “the Indian” n Richard Henry Pratt
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Allotment Program/Dawes Act 1887
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citizenship after 25 yers
Each head of household given 160 acres n Orphaned children received 80 n Held in trust for 25 years n Thosewhodidnotchoosetoparticipate received nothing |
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Problem with Allotment
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Head of Household concept anathema to most Native Americans
n Land hungry whites undermined holdings through competency hearings n Bureau of Indian Affairs often leased land out to whites for little or nothing. n Very few Native Americans had knowledge of the land Thosewhodidnotreceiveallotments could become citizens but only if they left the reservation n Native Americans as a group were not recognized as citizens until 1924. They also could not vote until then |
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Timeline of change
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1928-Evidence presented to congress regarding conditions on reservations
n 1930’s-Depression forces many Native Americans further into poverty n 1934-Indian Reorganization Act -returned unused surplus land to nations -decreased federal control -encouraged development of tribal governments and constitutions -land could be exchanged for shares in tribal corporations -funds and loans were made available to NA to buy back lands and develop projects |
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1950’s to the 1960’s
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Urban relocation program was pushed upon Native Americans forcing them to move away from their culture and their past
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Urban centers
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In these Urban centers NA women formed craft circles building on their traditional arts of quilting, beading, ceremonial garb.
They raised money to fund NA cultural centers and ship the dead home for burial Fueled the fires for urban Indian Unity and made possible the “warrior brotherhoods” which sprang up in Major US. Cities like chicago, new york, san fran |
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RED POWER!
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Part of a larger movement stemming from the 1960’s alliance with the Black Panthers, the Chicano Brown Berets, etc.
n Thismovementchallengedthetraditional Tribal leadership n Establishment of alternative schools to counter-act the dangerous impact of the boarding school program |
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1975 Indian Self Determination Act.
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1975 Indian Self Determination and Educational Assistance Act replaces the so called Trustee system.
n Anna Mae Aquash n WARN n Sterilization |
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Manifest Destiny
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America had a "god given" right to expand
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women played a major role in
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leadership
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In native culture, men who choose to take up the lifestyle of a woman were
referred to as_____________________by anthropogists who utilized a Persian term to describe this identity (though somewhat inaccurate) |
c. Berdache
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In Mexico during the Spanish period, people who were part Indigenous and
part African were called___________ |
mulatto
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abolished slavery amendment
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13th amendment
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in 1848:
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b. Promised citizenship to Mexicans living in the conquered territories
c. Be able to keep their liberty and property |
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The case, which served as the predecessor to Brown vs. The Board of
Education was: |
c. Mendez v. Westminster
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The Bracero program of 1942 lasted until
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1964
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The majority of African Americans leaving the south in 1910 were:
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skilled workers
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10. How did indentured servitude differ from slavery?
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required contracts
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14th Amendment 1867
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Defined citizenship, as well as the rights and responsibilities of the states in protecting those rights.
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15th Amendment
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Gave Black men the right to Vote.
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Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1873
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A reign of terror and violence swept through the south. Lynching, rape, etc
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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1896 Supreme court upheld the decision that separate and equal was constitutional. undermined the constitution
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Booker T. Washington-(Accommodationist Stance)
• Ida B. Wells- • W.E.B. Du Bois- |
Emphasis on Economic Self Reliance
-Anti Lynching Advocate and Human Rights Activist -Theory of the Talented T enth-Emphasis |
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Spiritual and Intellectual Institutions
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• Black Church
• Historically Black Colleges HBCU • The New Negro Movement/Harlem Renaissance • Marcus Garvey |
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WWI and WWII
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• Military was segregated.
• Black soldiers come back from the war with a different view about race, racism and American democracy. • Meet soldiers from other colonized countries. • After fighting for their country and fighting to protect the liberty of those abroad, they return to a segregated and ungrateful America. |
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First African Americans
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Arrive in 1619 20 people of African decent. Three of whom had Spanish names.
• Anthony • Isabella • Pedro • Anthony and Isabella in 1623/24 give birth to William. |
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By about 1625
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the overall population in Virginia was 1,227, Blacks were 2% of this population approx 55.
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By 1649
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There were 300 Blacks in Virginia.
• Black could own land and indeed became very prosperous. • Blacks could and did testify in court against whites. • Many owned servants of their own mostly white. • Many could vote until around 1723 in Virginia. • Most who were indentured could and did renegotiate their servitude contract. • Blacks and whites mixed freely. • 1/4 of all children born to white unwed mothers were part black • Black and white servants worked together, ran away together and fell in love. • Modern concept of whiteness did not exist. |
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Economics of Servitude
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• Plantocracy wants to fulfill the growing demand for tobacco and cotton.
• White labor no longer seen as an option. • White labor taxed. African labor seen as an option...discuss. |
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Status Changes from Class to Caste
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• Between 1715 laws to end amalgamation and intermarriage.
• 1662 Virginia Child followed status of mother • 1660’s emergence of one drop rule. If you had one drop of Black blood you were considered Black. • In 1677 Pennsylvania a white servant was indicted for having sexual relations with a Black woman. • Virginia 1691 • Massachusetts 1705 • North Carolina 1715 • South Carolina 1717 • Delaware 1717 |
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Institution of Slavery
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• Middle Passage
• Sexual Division of Labor – Slave women vs.. Slave men] |
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Free Blacks
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1790 8 percent of al African Americans were free
• 1810 more than 2/3 of African Americans outside the South were free. • Laws were in place to prevent them from participating fully in society. |
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Mexico Under Spanish Rule
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◊ 1500-Encomienda-forced labor
◊ 1540’s-Repartimiento-apprenticeship ◊ 1630-1910-Hacienda-Peasant based serf like conditions. |
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Racial Hierarchy
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◊ Peninsulares ◊ Mestiza
◊ Mulatto ◊ Castas |
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Sexual Exploitation and the Destruction of Indigenous Culture
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Since few Spanish women migrated to Mexico Indigenous women were “assigned” to Spanish men by the government to serve as slaves, domestics, field hands and as sexual companions. As a result a mixed race population was formed.
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Mexican American War of 1846
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Major war in which Anglo settlers in Mexican territories wanted to bring their slaves.
◊ Mexico forbade slavery and so the conflict begins. ◊ Anglo settlers seek the assistance of the US and the US uses it as a pretense for invasion. ◊ War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848. Discuss... |
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Mexican Displacement
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Treaty was to give full US citizenship to Mexican citizens. These new citizens were promised that they would be allowed to keep their lands.
◊ Treaty was not enforced by the US government. Rico’s were forced to protect their land through intermarriage with Anglo settlers. ◊ Many smaller land holders were displaced off their land (complete violation of the treaty). They become a cheap source of labor. Hence the development of the Barrios. |
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Mexican Labor and Migration in US 1900-1930
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,,
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Union Organizing
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◊ UFW
◊ Cesar Chavez ◊ Dolores Huerta |
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Brown Power/And Chicana Feminism
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By the 1960’s majority of people of Mexican decent residing in US were citizens by birth. 85% lived in the Southwest but with urban migration many began to move to the cities.
◊ 1960’s and 70’s you had the school walkouts in Los Angeles and Texas. Civil Rights struggle begins. |
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Brown Power Philosophically Speaking
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Chicano Nationalism
Carnalismo-brotherhood and sisterhood. The collective political commitment to group survival. La Familia- An important unit of the family in Mexican American Culture. Support and source of aiding in migration a catalyst for political mobilization. |
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Brown Power
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◊ La Raza-The Race ◊ La Raza Cosmica ◊ La Malinche
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Gloria Anzaldua
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◊ The Borderlands
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sankofa
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heart shaped charm represented look at past to do good in the future
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