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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Calcium sources

- alfalfa (1.2-1.7%)


- green fodder, seeds, grains (0.3-0.4%)


- cereals (0.01-0.2%)


- ground limestone


- carbonic chalk

Ca biological function

- blood clotting


- increase decreases neuromuscular irritability


- enzyme cofactor (calmodulin)

Ca deficiency symptoms

- ricketts (osteomalatia, osteoporosis)


- secondary alimentary hyperparathyroidism


--- carnivores


--- all meat syndrome


--- broken mandible


--- hawk: meat leg and beak deformity


- broken tarsus calcaneae in beef bulls (osteochondrosis)


- milk fever (cow)


- puerperal eclampsia/paresis (bitch)

Ca supply control

- feed analysis


- calculations


- bone biopsy

Phosphorus sources

- cereals: high


- extracted solvent (oil) meals: high


- green forages: medium


- mineral supplements

P biological function

- bone formation


- energy storage and transfer (ATP)


- body fluid buffer


- helps convert carotene to vitamin A

P deficiency symptoms

- cow alimentary infertility


- post partum haemoglobinuria

P supply control

- feed analysis


- calculation


- cattle: urine output relative to supply

Magnesium sources

- leafy greens


- nuts


- seeds


- fish


- beans

Mg biological function

- bone formation


- increase decreases neuromuscular irritability


- part of a leaf green: chlorophyll II

Mg deficiency symptoms

- grass tetany of Ru


--- N fertilisers of grass: increase NH3 in young rapidly growing grass which decreases the Na:K ratio


--- causes decreased Mg absorption (malabsorption)


- Coma of calves: due to decreased Mg due to soybean milk replacer

Mg supply control

- supplements


- salt supplements

Sulphur sources

- Methionine and cystine


- biotin


- vitamin U (raw cabbage)


- wool (2.7-3.3%)


- cruciferous plants: high (rape, cabbage)


- feather and horn meals


- green forages


- corn silage: very little

S biological function

- constituent of Met and Cys


- synthesis of ucopolysaccharides


- constituent of methallothionine and glutathionine

S deficiency symptoms

- decreased ruminal protein synthesis


- decreased feather and wool growth

S supply control

- feed analysis

Sodium sources

- alkaline soil


- sea-grass


- feed of animal origin


- rock salt (licking salt)

Na biological function

- osmotic pressure of body fluids


- conduction of stimuli for action potentials

Na deficiency symptoms

- decreased taste sensation in sheep


- cannibalism in broilers


- decreased milk production


- may be caused by excess sweating in eq

Na supply control

- check saliva, urine and faeces level


- requires strong intake control


- not in milk

Na requirements

- 0.5% NaCl


- Rabbit 0.7% due to caecotrophy

Potassium sources

- sugar beet pulp


- molasses


- tubers

K biological function

- osmotic pressure maintenance


- stimuli conduction for action potentials

K deficiency symptoms

- secondary diarrhoea (common)


- rabbit muscular dystrophy (rare)

K supply control

- feed analysis

Chlorine sources

- fish meal


- meat meal


- grass

Cl biological function

- Gastric acid (HCl) production


- isoionia


- osmotic pressure

Cl deficiency symptoms

- abomasal displacement/ gut torsion (causative)


- Eq sweating (causative, NaCl salts must be supplied)

Cl supply control

- salt licks


- feed analysis

Cl requirements

- 0.3% DM

Iron sources

- meat meal


- whole grains


- sunflower seeds


- nuts


- leafy greens

Fe biological function

- constituent of haemoglobin and myoglobin


- active parts of catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome 450 (resp. chain)

Fe deficiency symptoms

- baby pig anaemia


- human baby iron deficiency anaemia

Fe supply control

- transporter protein levels


- haematological analysis


- can give Fe-II-oxalate and Fe-II-fumarate by mouth

Fe requirements

- Piglet: 125-150 mg/kg DM


- calf: 40 mg/kg DM

Zinc sources

- feed of animal origin


- beans


- nuts

Zn biological function

- part of enzymes ( carboxy anhydrase, SOD)


- parts of hormones (insulin)


- taste (gustin)


- vitamin A storage in the liver


- retinal integrity


- wound healing


- in sperm of breeding males


- gene expression

Zn deficiency symptoms

- alopecia


- hock joint deformity


- palmer ulcer (chicken)


- lacrimation


- parakeratosis (calf: local, Swine: general)


- Zn responsive dermatitis


---acrodermatitis in bull terrier, lethal within 7 months


--- partial in husky, malamute and german shephard


--- inherited failure in absorption


- night blindness


- decreased sperm quality

Zn supply control

- measure level in hair


- minimum 100 mg/kg DM

Zn requirements

40-80 mg/kg DM

Copper sources

- green forages


- high level in dicotyledons (sunflower)

Cu biological function

- increased oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric form needed for haem binding


- development of nerve tissue


- part of enzymes (SOD)


- synthesis of polyphenyl oxidase pigment


- CuSO4 = growth promoter in pigs

Cu deficiency smptoms

- wilson menker disease in bedlington terriers


- anaemia


- depigmentation of hair, wool, feathers


- demyelinisation of nerve fibres


--- congenital ataxia in calves, lambs, kids

Cu supply control

- measure blood and hair levels


- hair: min 6mg/kg


- ceruloplasmin levels in blood

Manganese sources

- monocotyledons (sour grass): high


- dicotyledons (alfalfa): low

Mn biological function

- mucopolysaccharide synthesis


- cartilage synthesis


- denovo cholesterol synthesis in ovaries

Mn deficiency symptoms

- enlarged hocks and leg deformities in newborns (calves and pigs)


- chicken perosis at tibio-metatarsal joint


- alimentary infertility (cat and cow)


- shift in sex ratio of newborn calves (more male)

Mn supply control

- check hair levels


- min 7 mg/kg

Fluorine sources

- P supplements contain 1-4% F

F biological function

- constituent of bones and teeth

F deficiency

- human caries

F supply control

- feed analysis


- calculation


- level in urine

Iodine sources

- drinking H2O


- 3-10 micrograms/l

I biological function

- thyroid hormones

I deficiency symptoms

- abortion


- newborns with goiter


- wooless newborn of goiter mother


- female sterility


- dermatitis


- Su myxedema


- Ho cretinism


- disturbed moulting in poultry

I supply control

- urine I:creatine ratio


- milk levels

Cobalt sources

- plants


- yeasts


- molasses


- coprophagy

Co biological functions

- part of vitamin B12


--- bacterial synthesis in rumen


- activates enzymes


--- methyl-malonyl-CoA in cholesterol synthesis

Co deficiency symptoms

- decreased growth in Ru


- anaemia


- white liver disease in sheep

Co supply control

- level in ruminal fluid


- B12 level in blood


- level in liver

Co requirements

- 1% supply

Nickle sources

- plants


- peas, beans, soya beans,


- oats and barley

Ni biological function

- increased iron absorption


- enzyme activator (urease, amylase)

Ni deficiency symptoms

- secondary anaemia


- impaired rumen function

Ni supply control

?

Chromium sources

- mothers milk


--- Cr-pirocolate, yeasts, nicotinate

Cr biological function

- active part of glucose tolerance factor (regulates insulin)


- organic trivalent Cr: fat burner


- crom oxide: indicator of digestibility studies

Cr deficiency symptoms

Cannot be deficient

Cr supply control

- feed analysis?


- calculations?

Molybdenum sources

- cereals (wheat)


- sunflower seeds

Mo biological function

- parts of enzymes in N metabolism


- xanthine oxidase (uric acid formation)


- cellulase (in rumen bacteria)

Mo deficiency symptoms

- decreased fibre digestion

Mo supply control

?

Mo requirements

- 2-10 mg/kg DM

Silicon sources

- sour grasses: (high amount)


- reed


- sedge


- bulrush


- rice bran

Si biological function

- part of mucopolysaccharides

Si deficiency symptoms

N/A

Si supply contol

?

control of mineral status

- HACCP: hazard analysis critical control points


- feedstuffs: Ca, P


- Faeces: Na, Zn, Mn


- Urine: P


- Saliva: Na


- milk: I


- Hair: Zn, Cu, Mn, Se


- enzyme activity: Se

DCAB

dietary cation anion balance


- used to reduce risk of milk fever


- (Na + K + Ca + Mg) - (Cl + SO4 + H2PO4)


- simplifies to (Na + K) - (Cl + S)


- units: mEq/kg DM


- if +ve (Na + K) > (Cl + S): increased risk


- if 0 (Na + K) = (Cl + S)


- if -ve (Na + K) < (Cl + S): decreased risk


- reduce with NH4Cl


- acidifying diet should be fed until pH reaches 6.2 - 6.8

FAA

Earth Alkali Alkalicity


- CaO + MgO - P2O5


- should be +ve


- restores acid-base balance


--- adds cations: Ca, Mg (alkaline character)


--- P helps keep balance


- FAA of weaned animal: +25


- FAA of growing animal: +15


- FAA of adult animal: +5

dUA

Dietary undetermined anions


- how much acid is removed when fed (due to acid consuming metabolisable anions in diet)


- (Na + K + Ca + Mg) - (Cl + H2PO4 + HPO4 + SO4)


- mostly in growing/finishing pigs


- more acidic feed decreases ADG


- increased dUA increases ADG (average daily gain)



dEB

Dietary electrolyte balance


- Na + K - Cl


- importance


--- feed intake


--- feed conversion


--- weight gain


--- egg shell thickness


- growing pig: 155 mEq/kg


- growing chick: 250 mEq/kg

CAB

cation anion balance (DCAB)


- (44Na + 28K) - (28Cl + 62S)


- should be -ve


- used to prevent milk fever


- grass silage 21% CP


- corn silage 8.9% CP


- alfalfa hay 625

CAR

cation anion ratio


- to prevent urolithiasis


- (50Ca + 82Mg + 43Na + 26K) - (65P + 28Cl) - (average met intake)


- normal pH or dogs urine: 6.5 + (0.019 x CAR)


- struvite stones (2/3 cases): give met or NH4Cl, dissolves at 6.5


- oxalate stones (1/3): give NaHCO3, dissolves in alkaline pH

total mineral content of the body

- 2.75%


of this:


- 50% Ca


- 27% P


- 24% other

mineral percentages

- Ca 1.33%


- K 0.19%


- S 0.15%


- Mg 0.04%


- P 0.74%


- Na 0.16%


- Cl 0.11%