Mind Brain Behavior

Front 1

Neuroscience

Back 1

The study of the nervous system and its role in behavior

Front 2

Monism

Back 2

The mind and brain are the same thing

Front 3

Dualism

Back 3

The mind and the brain are two separate things

Front 4

Golgi Stain

Back 4

Randomly stains about 5% of neurons allowing them to jump out from other neurons

Front 5

Myelin Stain

Back 5

Taken up by the fatty myelin on the axons to identify neural pathways

Front 6

Nissl Stain

Back 6

Opposite of the myelin stain. identifies the cell bodies of neurons.

Front 7

Tracer

Back 7

Trace pathways to determine origin or destination

Front 8

Autoradiography

Back 8

make active neurons stand out. can be correlated with behavior

Front 9

Immunochemistry

Back 9

Identifies receptors, neurotransmitters, or enzymes. Uses fluorescent dye and custom designed antibodies to target particular cellular components

Front 10

In Situ Hybridization

Back 10

Constructs complementary strand of radioactive DNA to pair with active mRNA to make it light up

Front 11

CT Scan

Back 11

Produces a series of 2D Xrays from different angles that computers combine to make a 3D image. Skull fractures.

Front 12

MRI

Back 12

Measures the radio frequency waves emitted by the nucleus of hydrogen atoms when they are subjected to strong magnetic field

Front 13

fMRI

Back 13

measures the brain activation by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active neural structures

Front 14

PET Scan

Back 14

injecting radioactive dye into the blood stream

Front 15

Neurons

Back 15

10% of the brain. 100 billion in number. Communication cells

Front 16

Glial cells

Back 16

Glue that holds the neurons together. make up the myelin sheath which protects axon and makes communication faster. more populous than neurons

Front 17

Dendrites

Back 17

receive information at receptor sites from presynaptic cell

Front 18

Cell Membrane

Back 18

Maintains cell/ controls cell environment. important in communication because electrical gradient signals travel around it. made up of lipid proteins

Front 19

Cell body

Back 19

Produces DNA. Cell body stuff

Front 20

Axon Hillock

Back 20

Location where neuron determines if it will fire or not. connects cell body/membrane to axon

Front 21

Axon

Back 21

transports message length of neuron from one cell to the next

Front 22

Myelin Sheath

Back 22

Protects axon and allows message to travel faster. Prevents cross communication

Front 23

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 23

Allows message to maintain full strength by allowing an action potential to occur

Front 24

Terminals

Back 24

release NT into synapse

Front 25

Vesicles

Back 25

Hold NT in presynaptic cell

Front 26

Receptor Sites

Back 26

Where NT binds on dendrites of cell

Front 27

Motor neurons

Back 27

Multipolar. Muscles, organs and other neurons. responsible for movement

Front 28

Sensory Neurons

Back 28

Unipolar or Bipolar. From senses to central nervous system

Front 29

Interneurons

Back 29

Multipolar. between neurons in the same area. most numerous.

Front 30

All-or-none Law

Back 30

Neuron fires completely or not at all.

Front 31

Rate Law

Back 31

neurons fire faster in response to stronger stimuli

Front 32

IPSP

Back 32

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Front 33

EPSP

Back 33

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

Front 34

Reuptake

Back 34

Neurotransmitters back into presynaptic cell into vesicles to be stored

Front 35

Deactivation

Back 35

Enzymes tear apart specific NT's so they cannot bind on the postsynaptic cell

Front 36

Autoreceptors

Back 36

Outside of synapse on the presynaptic cell and tell the cell to stop releasing NT's into the synapse

Front 37

Glial Cells (Synaptic Modulation)

Back 37

Take neurotransmitters from synapse so they cannot bind to postsynaptic cell

Front 38

Gyri

Back 38

bumps on the brain

Front 39

Sulci

Back 39

indentations on the brain

Front 40

Fissures

Back 40

big Sulci

Front 41

Convoluted

Back 41

allows brain to store more information in a small area

Front 42

Grey matter

Back 42

Cell bodies

Front 43

White matter

Back 43

Cell axons

Front 44

Meninges layers

Back 44

Top: Dura Mater

Middle: arachnoid

Inner: Pia mater

Front 45

Frontal Lobe

Back 45

planning, organization, impulse control, emotion, behavior, primary motor cortex. humans only animal with large PFC--> inhibit inappropriate behaviors

Front 46

Parietal Lobe

Back 46

body sensations, primary somatosensory cortex. processes skin senses and position and movement

Front 47

Occipital Lobe

Back 47

Vision

Front 48

Temporal Lobe

Back 48

Hearing. Advanced visual processing

Front 49

Thalamus

Back 49

Central Relay. directs information

Front 50

Hypothalamus

Back 50

Four F's : Fight, flight, feeding and fornicating. Life sustaining behaviors

Front 51

Pituitary gland

Back 51

Hormones

Front 52

Pineal Gland

Back 52

Melatonin. sleep/wake cycles

Front 53

Corpus Callosum

Back 53

bridge between hemispheres that allows cross communication

Front 54

Superior colliculi

Back 54

vision

Front 55

Inferior colliculi

Back 55

hearing

Front 56

substantia nigra

Back 56

involved in movement

Front 57

ventral tegmental area

Back 57

reward.

Front 58

medulla

Back 58

heart rate and respiration

Front 59

pons

Back 59

sleep paralysis, arousal, REM dreams

Front 60

Cerebellum

Back 60

balance, motor movement

Front 61

ventricles

Back 61

contain cerebralspinal fluid. nutrient/waste control of the brain

Front 62

amygdala

Back 62

emotions

Front 63

hippocampus

Back 63

memory consolidation

Front 64

drug

Back 64

a non-required substance that changes body function

Front 65

psychoactive drug

Back 65

drug that has psychological effects

Front 66

agonist

Back 66

mimics or enhances NT

Front 67

antagonist

Back 67

blocks or decreases NT

Front 68

addiction

Back 68

preoccupation with obtaining/using drug

Front 69

withdrawal

Back 69

Negative reactions. opposite effects

Front 70

tolerance

Back 70

decreased response with exposure to drug

Front 71

dispositional tolerance

Back 71

an increase in drug metabolism. drug won't reach the same level or last as long

Front 72

functional tolerance

Back 72

central nervous system becomes less sensitive to noticeable drug effects. "New Normal"

Front 73

Behavioral (Learned) Tolerance

Back 73

learn ways to compensate for for effects. (ABC's backwards when drunk)

Front 74

Cross tolerance

Back 74

extension of tolerance to similar drugs. work at same NT so they have to built up tolerance. (Addiction to Xanax = tolerance to alcohol)

Front 75

Mixed tolerance

Back 75

tolerance to only some of the drugs effects (May not slur words but stumble when walking)

Front 76

Reverse Tolerance

Back 76

Sensitization --> doesn't take as much to be sensitive again (THC binds to fat cells and stays in body so don't have to smoke as much to get high again)

Front 77

Sensory Memory

Back 77

Milliseconds to seconds. High capacity. Not consciously aware. Loss through decay

Front 78

Short-term memory

Back 78

seconds to minutes. limited capacity to 7 +- 2 items. consciously aware. loss through decay.

Front 79

long-term memory

Back 79

days to years. high capacity. both consciously and unconsciously aware. lost through interference and decay

Front 80

modal model of memory

Back 80

memory is gained in discrese stages with different characteristics

sensory inputs -> sensory register+attention -> short-term memory + rehearsal -> long-term memory

Front 81

Working memory model

Back 81

short term and long term memory work together in consolidation to manipulate information. Visuospatial sketch pad and phonological loop are coordinated by central executive to manipulate information

Front 82

Declarative Memory

Back 82

can be explained in words

Front 83

Episodic Memory

Back 83

Events

Front 84

Semantic

Back 84

Facts

Front 85

Nondeclarative Memory

Back 85

Hard to explain in words. more behaviors

Front 86

Procedural Memory

Back 86

skills. motor and cognitive

Front 87

Perceptual Representation System Memory

Back 87

Exposure to stimuli activates a network of information. Priming

Front 88

Classical conditioning Memory

Back 88

Conditioned response between two stimuli

Front 89

Nonassociative Memory

Back 89

Habituation: decreased response to a stimulus over time

Sensitization: increased attention to a stimulus over time

Front 90

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 90

Loss of long term memory. cannot remember past

Front 91

Anterograde amnesia

Back 91

Loss of short term memory. cannot form new memories

Front 92

CA1 Region of Hippocampus

Back 92

80% of memory success. consolidation

Front 93

Learning

Back 93

a change in behavior, or the potential for that change, that indicates a permanent knowledge

Front 94

neuroplasticity

Back 94

The ability of the brain to change and form new/stronger connections

Front 95

LTP

Back 95

strengthening of long term memory: cells that fire together wire together

Front 96

LTD

Back 96

weakening in strength of connections of neurons no longer activate each other. clears hippocampus for new stuff

Front 97

ALTP

Back 97

Two stimuli occur at the same time. One elicits strong response. second elicits weaker response

Front 98

ALTD

Back 98

Loss of second weaker stimulus eliciting response because of loss of the first stimulus so through association, the second is no longer paired with the first so no response is elicited

Front 99

How Depression Treatments work

Back 99

increase receptor sensitivity and number. increase neural plasticity. trigger release of BDNF which is necessary for neurogenesis. increase cell death -> out with the old, in with the new.

Front 100

factors related to surfacing of Schizophrenia

Back 100

divorce, seeing something traumatic, poor nutrition, various birthing factors, genetics

Front 101

MAOI's

Back 101

non nicotine cigarette ingredients

Front 102

Triclyclics

Back 102

block reuptake

Front 103

Second generation antidepressants

Back 103

effect a single NT