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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What system are phagocytes and complement components of?
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Innate Immune System
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What system are lymphocytes and antibodies a part of?
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Adaptive Immune System
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What does the innate system do?
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Responds to foreing material through proteins (cell surface receptors or soluble molec) which have binding surfaces for structures commonly found on potentially harmful non-self material
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What does the adaptive system do?
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Can recognize a wide range of molec surfaces, but only produces large number of effector cells with specific receptors and produces specific Ab in response to foreign matter that enters the individual
Only present in vertebrates |
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What's the difference between innate and adaptive?
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Innate provide immediate response
Adaptive takes longer to respond, provides immunological memory |
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What are defense mechanisms of the body vs invaders?
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Barrier: stop things from entering the tissues/fluid in the body
->but some things need to enter (food, water, oxygen) .: have controlled conditions in which nutrient and gas transfer at the surface reduce the abilty of pathogens to enter Recognition of non self: kill, sequester, digest and eject it |
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How does the skin help protect the body?
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Provides a continually renewed barrier to organisms
Actively challenges microbes through sweat components Produces antimicrobial peptides |
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What is the stratum corneum?
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Hydrophobic barrier produced by skin cells that produce antimicrobial peptides and with lipids, when theres damage
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What do mucosal surfaces do?
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-Fluid flow carries microbes away from vulnerable surfaces
-Non-specific surfactants non-specific surfactants and specific innate and adaptive receptors in mucus reduce microbe adhesion to the epithelial cells, opsonize for phagocytosis and neutralize toxins Enz and antimicrobial peptides attack microbes and toxins |
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What are MALT?
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Mucosa-Ass't Lymphoid tissue
Tissue beneath the epithelial layer contains structure what promoe efficient Ag presentation to lymphocytes |
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What happens if there was a skin wound deep enough to damage blood vessels?
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Platelets adhere to collagen outside the bld vessel
They become activated and release the contents of stored granule-> activate other platelets Activated platelets bind to fibriogen-> aggregation Clotting cascade initiated when factor VII contats tissue factor on cell surfaces outside the blood vessel Activaed platelets and other cells provide a phospholipid surface for some clotting rxns Thrombin converts fibrinogen-> fibrin Fibrin becomes x-linked into a meshwork that traps platelet aggregates Activated platelets and the clotting cascade produce inflammatory mediators which act on bld vessels and leukocytes |
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When are inflammatory mediators produced?
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-in the Clotting process
-By activated platelets -by cells responding to tissue damage -by cells responding to microbial material entering the wound -in the complement cascade activated by microbes/immune complex |
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What happens during inflammation?
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Leukocytes are recruited to the wound
They remove damaged tissues and killing of microorganisms Leukocytes provide signals which promote further inflammation in the case of infection or promote wound healing |
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What happens if the blood vessel wound becomes infected?
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Adaptive IS gets involved
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What happens when the adaptive IS gets involved? (involving dendritic cell and monocytes)
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Dendritic cells are activate
Most monocytes recruited from circulation differentiate into macrophages (some will dif into dendritic cells) Dendritic cells take up and process foreign material to present to T cells Activated T cells go to lymph nodes T cells circulate from the blood to the lymph nodes, through lymphatic vessels and back into the blood |
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What happens when a T cell is binds a foreign peptide presented by a dendritic cell?
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T cell will become activated, proliferate adn differentiate into effector T cells
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What do Th2 interact with?
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B cells that pass through the lymph node
Help activate B vell which has a receptor for foreign material Activated B cells ptoliferate and differentiate to make Ab |
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What happens to other T cells?
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Enter the blood, circulate and are recruited by inflammatory ,ediators and cytokines to the site of infection
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What to Th1 interact with?
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Macrophage
Make them kill and clear pathogen |
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What do Tcyt do?
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Kill cells which have become infected with intracellular pathogens
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What system was Immunology first based on?
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Adaptive (ppl safe from getting a disease more than once)
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What are the 4 early theories of immunity?
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Distension, Expulsion, Depletion and Retention
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What is Expulsion?
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Something in the body is expelled, once it's gona, it's no longer there to be expelled
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What is Distension?
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The release of something (like P) through the skin leaves the skin permeable to it in the future
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What is Depletion?
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Something needed by the agent (bacteria) is used up and is not replenished
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What is Retention?
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Bacteria produce substances which remain in the body and inhibit future growth of the microbe
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What is teh evolution of the hematopoeitic cells?
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Self renewing stem cell-> Pluripotent stem cell -> Myeloid Progenitor or Lymphoid progenitor
Myeloid Pogenitor--> Erythoid CFU-> Erythrocyte; Megakaryocyte-> Platelet; Basophil CFU-> Basophil; Eosinophil CFU-> Eosinophil; Granulocyte-monocyte CFU: granulocyte-> Neutrophil, Monocyte-> Monocyte Lymphoid progenitor: B cells, T cells and NK cells |
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What is the maturation of mononuclear pagocytes?
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Stem cell-> Monoblast->Monocyte->Macrophage-> activated to activated macrophage or diff to microglia (CNS), Kupffer cells (liver), alveolar mac, osteroclasts
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What do macrophages and neutrophils do?
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Major pahgocytes
Part of innate assisted by cytokines and Ab made in adaptive Receptors for common microbial components, for prod of complement fixation and for immune complexes Produce short and long regulatory molec |
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What do Eosinophils do?
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Kill Ab coated parasites
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What do basophils do?
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Unknown
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What do mast cells do?
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Release granules containing histamines and other active agents
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What do neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and mast cells all store?
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Granules
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What do lymphocytes do?
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Mediate immune response
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Where do B cells develop? T cells?
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B: bone marrow
T: thymus (mostly) |
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What happens to make a naive T cell mature?
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Encounter with an APC
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How does the T cell interact with other cells?
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T cell binds the peptide in the MHC and the CD4/8 binds the MHCII/I to further stabilize the complex
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How do T cells influence B cells?
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Most B cells need specific help from CD4 T cells to become activated
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Where do dendritic cells differentiate and reside?
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In tissues (diff and reside in the same tissue)
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What causes dendritic cells to migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
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PAMPs (pathogen ass't molecular patterns)
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What happens when dendritic cells get to the 2ry lymphoid tissues?
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Present Ag to T cells
Express chemokines to attract naive T cells Express surface ligands which provide adhesion and costimulation to T cells |
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What is the path if MHC I-ass't Ag presentation?
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Production of ptns in the cytosol
Proteolytic degradation of cytosolic ptn Transport of peptide from cytosol to ER Assembly of peptide clas I complexes in the ER Surface expression of peptide class I complexes |
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What is the path of MHC II ass't Ag presentation?
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Uptake of extracellular ptns in the vesicular compartments of APC
Processing of internalized ptns in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles Biosynthesis and transport of MHC II molec to endosomes Ass't of processed peptides with MHC II molec in vesicles Expression of peptide MHC complexes on cell surface |
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Wha do T cells do?
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Survey cells for presence of foreign ptn:
APC-containing self and foreign peptides use MHC molec to display eptides on th cell surface, T cells survey cell surface and only recognize foreign peptides and respond to them |
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What's the dif btw T cell binding and B cell binding?
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T: only binds polypeptide (proteolytic fragment from a ptn, only if its presented in the groove of an MHC)
B: bind to regions on the surface of native ptns, carbs or lipids. Can bind epitopes on whole pathogens, aggregates of macromolec or small chem cmpds |
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What's the dif btw Class I and II of MHC?
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Class I: peptide of intracellular origin
Class II: peptide from extracellular origin |
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What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
What distinguishes them? |
Eosinophils
Basophils Neutrophils They have densely staining granules in their cytoplasm Migrate to sites of inflammation/infection |
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What happens if you're deficient in neutrophils?
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Overwhelming bacterial infections
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How does a neutrophil kill cells?
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Phagocytose microorg and destory them in intracellular vesicles, using degradative enzymes
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What kind of cells do NK cells kill?
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abnormal cells (tumour cells, cells infected with viruses: i.e. herpes)
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What is a naive lyphocyte?
What is an effector lymphocyte? |
Naive: lymphocyte that has not been activated by its Ag
Effector: lymphocyte that has met its Ag, is active and has differentiated |
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What are the 3 fcts of T cells?
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Killing (cytotoxic)
Activation (Helper) Regulation (regulatory) |
