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48 Cards in this Set

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3.1

During fetal development hematopoiesis occurs in:
yolk sack and fetal liver
3.2

dendritic cells come from:
- both myeloid (major source) and lymphoid precursors (minor source)
3.3

cytokines determines
combination of cytokines present determines the final differential cell product
3.4

cytokines are secreted by:
- stromal cells that are present in the bone marrow and also by some immune cells like activated T cells and macrophages
3.5

cells that originate from myeloid stem cells:
- monocytes and macrophages
- granulocytes
- platelets
- dendritic cells
3.6

monocytes and macrophages
- in bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells mature into monoblasts in the presence of IL-3, GM-CSF, M-CSF
- monocytes => macrophages when reach tissues
- when macrophages meet antigen => activated
- monocytes are the first cells to encounter pathogens
3.7

morphology of a macrophage:
- pseudopodia ~ spaghetti surrounding the cell
- cell surface molecules = CD14 (LP receptor)
CR1 (CD35)
CR3 (CD11b)
HLA-DR
3.8

functions of monocytic cells

(circulating form of macrophage)
- sample environment through pinocytosis
- innate and acquired immune responses
- present antigen and activate lymphocytes via phagolysosome
- osteoclasts = tissue modeling and repair
- secrete inflammatory cytokines
- phagocytosis/bateriocidal activity
- antiviral activity
- recognize tumor antigens via IgG
3.9

increase levels of monocytes =
malaria, endocriditis, typhoid fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
3.10

myeloid cells

Granulocytes
- 60-70% of circulating WBC
- 90% of granulocytes are neutrophils
- not present in healthy tissues
3.11

Morphology of granulocytes
- multi-lobed nucleus and granulated cytoplasm
- stain with basic and acidic dyes
3.12

function of granulocytes
- migrate to the site of acute inflammation by chemotoxis
- most important in the innate immune system
- phagocytosis
3.13

abnormal levels of eosinophils =
increase = allergic rxn or parasitic infection

decrease = body is overly stressed
3.14

eosinophils
2-5% of circulating WBC population

stored in bone marrow and connective tissues
3.15

morphology of eosinophils
- bi-lobed nucleus and granulated cytoplasm
- stained with acidic dyes = granules become Pink
3.16

eosinophils function:
- immunity against parasites (worms)
- allergy (Hey fever, asthma)
3.17

basophils
less than 0.2% of circulating WBC
- fewest in number
3.18

basophils morphology
- lobed nucleus and granulated cytoplasm
- stained with basic dyes
- contain histamine ( cause vasodilation) proteases, heparin (anticoagulant), TNFalpha
- NOT phagocytic
3.19

function of basophils
- release pharmacologically active mediators from cytoplamsic granules
- involved in Type I (immediate)
- hypersensitivity reactions (allergic responses)
- exaggerated immune responses to usually harmless antigens
3.20

mast cells
- reside in many tissues that are in direct contact with the outside environment: skin, epithelia tissues of respiratory, urinary, GI tracts
3.21

mast cell morphology
- round nucleus
- cytoplasm with lipid bodies
- distinctive granules (heparine, histamine enzymes, chymase, tryptase, IL8, IL4,5,6, prostaglandins)
- surface expression of High IgE recaptor I
3.22

mast cell location
- skin, epithelia tissue of respiratory, genitourinary and digestive tracts (tissues constantly exposed to the outside environment)
3.23

mast cell function
- allergic response: IgE produced by B cell and attached to the surface of mast cells
- secrete histamine and cytokines, mediators are responsible for symptoms associated w/ allergies
- histamine -> contraction of smooth muscle in the intestine and blood vessels -> increased lymph flow (edema, warmth, redness)
3.24

plateletes morphology
- small, anucleated blood elements that arise from the fragmentation of megakaryocytes (myeloid precursor)
3.25

plateletes function
- blood clotting and inflammation
- when activated release a variety of factors that initiate or increase inflammatory or allergic reactions
3.26

Dendritic cells
- same lineage as monocytes
- 0.1% WBC
- prototype is Langerhans cell of the epidermis
- alien appearance
- express MCH class II, costimulatory molecules
3.27

Fucntion of dendritic cells
Capture and Transport of foreign antigens and immunoregulatory role
- regulation through cytokines
3.28

cells originating from lymphoid stem cells
- B
- T
- Null cells: NK, lymphokine-activated LAK, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes TIL
3.29

location of dendritic cells
immature: in the epithelium of the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems when they encounter foreign antigens. phagocytize and process microorganisms while travelling -> lymph nodes

mature-interdigitating dendritic: cells-reside in T cell areas of lymphoid organs. Not phagocytic. Secrete chemokines that attract naive T cells to the area.
3.30

lymphoid cells
- recognize and respond to a specific antigen
- as a consequence of antigen-specificity: immunological memory
- 20-40% of the circulating WBC and 99% of the cells found in lymph
3.31

different lymphoid lineages and subsets can be distinguished based on their:
- site of maturation
- function
- expression of surface molecules called CD antigens (Cluster of Differentiation) that are recognized by groups of antibodies
3.32

B cells
- mature in bone marrow
- express B cell receptor (BCR)
- serves as a receptor for the specific antigen to which they respond
3.33

B cells function
- humoral immunity: produce distinct classes of immunoglobulin (antibody) molecules
- B cells differentiate into PLASMA cells that are major producers of antibody and live 7-14 days
- Antigen presenting cells (APC)
3.34

T cells
- mature in thymus
- express antigen-specific receptor: T-cell receptor complex (TCR)
3.35

Function of T cells:
2 functional subsets (CD4 = helper T, and CD8 = cytotoxic T)
3.36

Helper T cell
- CD4
- MHC II
- B ecll help
- macrophage activation
- help for CD8 T cells cytokine secretion
3.37

Cytotoxic T cell
- CD8
- MHC I
- killing virus infected cells
- killing tumor cells
3.38

CD4 T helper cells can be further subdivided into:
- Th1 (inflammatory) cells that activate T cell and macrophages participating in delayed type hypersensitivity

- Th2 cells that are involved mostly in the stimulation of B cells to produce antibodies

- THreg regulatory
3.39

Null cells
- 15% of circulating lymphocytes
- do not express B or T antigen binding receptors, lack specificity and memory
3.40

null cells function
mediate cytotoxicity against different target (tumor cells, virus-infected cells) in a non-MHC restricted and antigen non-specific manner
3.41

three major types of Null Cells:
- NK cells (the most abundant)
- LAK cells
- TILs
3.41

Natural killer cells (CD56+ CD16+)
- large granular lymphocytes
- found in spleen but absent from lymph nodes
- part of the innate immune system
3.42

natural killer cells function
- NK cells are cytotoxic, kill via perforin, granzyme and NK cytotoxic factor
- same as cytotoxic T cells
- NK recognize target cells that lack the expression of MHC I
3.43

lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells:
- activated by IL2
- variety of target cell
- heterogenous group of cells
3.44

tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
- cells that have been recovered from tumor tissue, incubated in the presence of IL2 together with the same tumor cells or antigens derived from them and then infused back into the donor
3.45

T cell maturation
- immature thymocytes are in the cortex
- mature thymocytes are in the medulla
- positive and negative selection based on MHC I -> 10% T cell precursors survive
3.46

lymph nodes
- encapsulated collections of lymphocytes and accessory cells
- 500-600 in body
3.47

spleen:
- collects blood, gets rid of old RBC in area called red pulp
- white pulp = fight infections
- contain lymphocytes, organized in periarterioral sheats (PALS) (T, B, Macrophages, that capture and respond to antigens as they flow by)