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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During initial patient resuscitation, What is the next step if the patient does not respond to 2 L of crystalloid?
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Administer 2 units of PRBCs
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What is the proxy for the amount of anaerobic metabolism by the body?
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Base deficit
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What level of lactate usually indicates adequate resuscitation?
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2.5
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Comment on the heart rate and blood pressure as well as skin warmth for patients suffering from neurogenic shock
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Patient presents as low heart rate, low blood pressure, and warm skin
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Femur fractures may be converted from an external fixator to intramedullary nail within how many weeks?
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3 weeks
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Why do need to place a pregnant patient that more than 20 weeks gestation into the left lateral decubitus position?
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The vena cava may be compressed by the uterus, reducing maternal cardiac output by 30%.
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When measuring compartment pressures, how does anesthesia affect intraoperative diastolic blood pressure,
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Diastolic blood pressures during anesthesia is approximately 80 mmHg lower the baseline
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Define axonotmesis
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Disruption of the nerve axon with an intact epineurium.
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Which nerve has the worst potential for motor recovery after repair?
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Peroneal nerve
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What is the treatment for skin exposure to hydrofluoric acid?
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Calcium gluconate
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What is the antibiotic of choice and duration for type I and II open fractures?
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First generation cephalosporin for 24 hours
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What are the antibiotic class and duration for type III open fractures?
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Cephalosporin and aminoglycoside for 72 hours after last incision and drainage
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What are antibiotic choices for fresh water?
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Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin
Third of fourth generation cephalosporin such as ceftazadime |
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Comment on the flap options for open tibial fractures based on location
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Gastrocnemius flap or proximal third tibial fractures
Soleus flap for middle third tibial fractures Fasciocutaneous flap or free tissue transfer for distal third fractures |
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What are the 3 types of nonunions?
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Hypertrophic, oligotrophic, and atrophic
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What is more effective for heterotopic ossification: Indomethacin or radiation therapy?
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Radiation therapy is equal to indomethacin and effectiveness but no issues of compliance with medication regimen
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How is a low-energy gunshot wound treated differently from a high-energy gunshot?
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They can be treated as a closed fracture but should get single dose, first generation cephalosporin local wound care.
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Comment on the percentage of strain required for primary versus secondary versus no bone healing
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Strain less than 2% results a primary bone healing.
Strain 2 to 10% results and secondary bone healing. Strain greater than 10% as no bone formation. |
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Comment on the insertion order for screws for a compression plate
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Insertion order is neutral position, the compression on the opposite side fracture, the lag screw
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Intramedullary nails: how does the diameter affect bending and torsion?
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Decreased diameter leads to increased stiffness: at a ratio of radius to the power of: 3 in bending, 4 in torsion.
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What views on x-rays can give you more information for a sterno clavicular dislocation?
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Serendipity view.
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How can you treat a chronic sternal clavicular dislocation?
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Treated by resection of the medial clavicle, with preservation and reconstruction of costal clavicular ligaments.
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Explain a pseudo-dislocation of the clavicle.
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The medial clavicular) is the last to close at a mean age of 25 years. In patients younger than this, sternal clavicular dislocation is often a Salter Harris type I or II fracture.
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Open clavicle fractures associated with high rates of these type of injuries.
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Pulmonary and closed head injuries.
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Is there a difference in outcomes between a regular sling and a figure 8 bandage for a clavicle fracture?
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No difference.
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Risk of nonunion after mid shaft clavicle fractures is higher in which patient populations?
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Females and elderly.
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What are the six types of acromioclavicular dislocations?
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Type I: sprain of AC joint
type II: rupture of AC ligaments and sprain CC ligaments Type III; rupture of both AC and CC ligaments Type IV: the clavicle is buttonholed through the trapezius posteriorly type V: the trapezius and deltoid detached. Type VI: the clavicle is translocated beneath the coracoid. |
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What is the treatment of choice for a type III acromioclavicular dislocation?
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The Weaver-Dunn procedure
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How are scapular body fractures generally treated?
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In a sling for 7 to 10 days and then with early range of motion.
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What are the indications for surgery for a glenoid fracture?
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Indicated for intra-articular fractures that are displaced more than 2 mm or widely displaced extra-articular fractures.
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