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344 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
three strategies to deal with illegal migration:
|
1) employer sanctions
2) legalization programmes 3) temporary foreign worker admission programmes |
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employer sanctions were put in place in the USAin ___ and in most european states by ___
|
1986, 1970
|
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what are employer sanctions?
|
laws punishing employers for unauthorized hiring of illegal immigrants
|
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what are the laws in Canada regard to this?
|
- illegal to employ an illegal
- however, this is low on priority and has limited enforcement |
|
illegal migration apparently a ___ phenomena in Canada; how many?
|
small. 80,000-120,000 people
|
|
win-win situation of TFW programs?
|
- create a win-win situation for sending and receiving states:
sending: benefit from remittances receiving: meet short-term labour demands and reduce illegally employed foreigners |
|
has this been successful?
|
limited success in reducing illegal migration in Europe
- some employers prefer illegal aliens |
|
tends to be ___
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dualistic- highly skilled workers versus unskilled laborers
|
|
over half the world population lives in
|
asian-pacific region
|
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what is the asian pacific region
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gulf oil states, turkey,and the middle east
|
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in the 70s and 80s, international migration from asia ___, with main destinations being (3)
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grew, NA, Australia, Middle east
|
|
skeldon
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argues that international, and internal migration should be analyzed as a reaction to the penetration of external forces like colonialism and globalization
|
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ID's in asia is high, with the main causes being (3)
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conflict, violence, human rights abuses
|
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most migration in asian regions is
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temporary
|
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why did migration movements from asia grow after the 60s? (4)
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repeal of discriminatory policies, inreased foreign investment, military links, and mail order brides
|
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also, the ___ war caused large-scale refugee movements
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vietnam
|
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overall, asias massive entry into the world migration stage in the mid 20th centrury is a result of
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opening the continent to economic and political relationships with industrialized countries in the postcolonial period
|
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all countries in the region experience both types of flows. but, mainly immigration:
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brunei, HK, Japan, Singapore, SK, and Taiwan
|
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emigration ones
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Bangladest, burma, cambodia, china, india, indonesia, laos, napal, pakistan, philepeans, sri lanka, vietnam
|
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countries with equal of both
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malysia and thiland
|
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irreglar migrants
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those with permits, tourists, and also illegals (human trafficking)
|
|
how many irregulars in asia?
|
3.8 million
|
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Three euro countries experienced large asian migrations connected with deconolialization
|
to holland from indonesia
to france from vietnam and to britain from HK |
|
largest asian movement ever?
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to the USA after the 1965 immigration act (moved numbers from 17,000 annually, to 250,000 annually)
|
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since 1992, asia is the source of ___ immigrants
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1/3
|
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overall, large movements from asia to NA and oceania have developed mainly through the use of
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family reunion provisions
|
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most important trend?
|
growth in migration from China
|
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labour migration from Asia to the ME developed rapidly after
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oil prices rise in 1973- most were male and manual construction workers
|
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why did they return home?
|
gulf war.. but rates rose again after reconstruction needs, and also the replacement of the politically unreliable
|
|
a temporary decline in ___ after 1985 lef to an increase in ___
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construction sector, service sector migrants
|
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this led to ____ with __ and __ as main sources
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feminization, sri lanks and indonesia
|
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bans have been put into place to ban _____
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female migration in the gulf but this is difficult to enforce
|
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most bans have been lifted, but they remain in __ and ___
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pakistan and bangladesh
|
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only __ actively encouraged migration to the gulf by females
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sri lanka
|
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the small national labour forces of the six countries of the gulf cooperation council (GCC) are concentrated in the ____
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public secotr- which leaves huge gaps in the private sector
|
|
the result?
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an exteme dependence on foreign labor
|
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strategies of the gulf states from the 70s-90swas to recruit labour needed for capital investment through
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rigid contract (or guestworker) systems
|
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these had
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strict rules to prevent long term residence
|
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gulf states beginning in th 90s used strategies to
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suppress foreign labour and encourage local
|
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internal asia:since the 80s, rapid economic growth and declining fertility have led to
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strong demands for labour in the new industrial econmies of asia
|
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most obvious trend of this
|
intra-asian labour migration
|
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however, this is relatively quite low... asian migrant workers are ___% of workers in the gulf but only ___% in asia
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40-70, 4
|
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another obvious trend
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increasing in diversity- early flows were mainyl low skilled and in recent years has become more high skilled
|
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imbalances in the one-child policy
|
118:110
|
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new feature of the asian labour migration market
|
role played by migation industries (agents, brokers, etc)
- this gives rise to abuses at all stages! |
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this high degree of ____ of asian migration proceses is not found in any other regions and explains
|
the rapid expansion and relative efficiency of the program
|
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the dominant policy regarding length of stay in asian countries can be summed up as follows"
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immigration not good for the nation-state and should be a temporary expedient
- nothing should be modified to respond to external influences |
|
permit system in korea
|
this was developed following the fail of an "industrial trainee system" in which low skilled labour was imported and they were exploited
- this permit 2004 gives migrants same rights and treatment on labour programs as koreans - howevr, permits only 3 years |
|
between 50s and reunion with china in 1997, HK was transformed from ___
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labour intensive industrial economies to postindustrial economies based on trade service and investment
|
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after reunion, HK became a ___
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special administer region (SAR) with its own laws and insititutions
|
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taiwans foreign labour policy of 1992
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permitted recuritnment of migrants for occupations with severe shortages
- 2 year limits |
|
singapore has a lack in natural resources, and therefore successfully built
|
a first world economy through specialization in modern service industries
- relies on imported labour at all levels |
|
how did the government respond?
|
imposed a foreign worker levy to encouage employers to invest in new technology rather than hiring migrants
- this led to downward pressure on migrant wages rather than reduction in employment |
|
second-wave toger economy in
|
malaysia: dependent on immigration,
|
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transition to an immigration country is very much underway in
|
thiland
|
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era of ___ in China is ending
|
cheap labour
|
|
why? (2)
|
rapid economic expansion
and one child policy means labour reserves are depleting |
|
people from india go to the gulf as ___ and elsewhere as___
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manual, IT workers
|
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in india, exports of highskilled has been matched by
|
return flows of skills and capital
- this hels with manufacturing industriy |
|
for peope in the phillipeans, going abroad is
|
natural
- been an official policy since the 70s, making emigration natural * not sure yet if it helps country |
|
buiggest source of refugees from
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afghanistan
|
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Asian-Pacific refugee rates are ___ overall, although ___
|
declining, global numbers increased (due to iraq war)
|
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comprehensive plan of action, 1989
|
adopted by all countries concerned: people in camps are to be setteled and new asylum seekers are to be screened
* emergency until 1995 |
|
during the soviet intervention of 1979, people fled... and went either to __ or ___
|
pakistan or iran
* only pakistan received support from USA - therefore, would often return to afghan |
|
in __, ___ and ___, its difficult for men to find brides, and wves are brought in from abroad
|
Japan, SK, and Taiwan- this has developed rapidly in recent years
|
|
these countries do not encouage immigration, therefore,
|
these women are the largest group of new migrants with the exception of TFW
|
|
where do they come from (2)
|
CHina, SE asia, Indonesia, (philipeans and vietnam)
|
|
they make between __ to __ % of total marriages
|
8-15%
|
|
largest group?o
|
women from peoples republic of China
why? Often if divorced in China cannot remarry there |
|
at first, this was only done by rural men but now by
|
middle classes also
|
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why are brides few?
|
women are getting educated and can get better jobs, but the traditional roles in the home have not changed
- therefore, have to choose a family or a career ad more are choosing careers= less wives |
|
why do these males need to marry?
|
lotssss of social pressure to havesons and to marry (often to help take care of parents, etc)
|
|
did the one child policy help to limit number of females available?
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no! only played a minor role- but may amplify more when these men come to marriage age
|
|
do family and friends play a large role?
|
no! play minor roles in matchmaking-
major role played by agencies ! |
|
women marry through
|
their own accord- not pressures.
|
|
duality of objectives
|
these females often see this marriage as killing two bird with one stone- get to migrate and marry at once
|
|
these developed nations of japan, SK , and Taiwan hold 3 demo reconrds
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low fertility, rapid population ageing, and high female singlehood rates
|
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who sees this as human trafficking?
|
some countries- especially vietnam
|
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lost boys are ___
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20,000 young boys who escaped Dinka tribe in Sudan after civil wars - found without parents
|
|
they traveled under
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the USA refugee program, with help from the YMCA
|
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currently ___ refugees in the world
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15 million
|
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in 2001, the USA gave asylum to___ of them, including ___ lost boys
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70,000. 4,000
|
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the usa was worried about mexico after the __
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Bracero program ended in '64
- therfore they created maquiladores (assembly plants south of the border- but they still entered) |
|
this led to
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appointment of the 1978 select committee on immigration and refugee policy: reccommended sanctions, programs, and counterfit resistence
|
|
Reagan signed
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an immigration reform and control act (IRCA) which made the hiring of aliens a punishable offence
|
|
why did this fail?
|
people coudl simply present false documents
|
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overall, has the use of employer sanctions been strong success wise?
|
no
|
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no-match letters
|
Bush admin, 2007. matching of SS numbers
|
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legalization programs such as "drying out wetbacks"
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de facto legalization of illegally employed mexicans in the US from 42-64
|
|
what did the USA do in 1986
|
if they could prove residency they could be legalized- 97% approved- and allowed family (unlike france)
|
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as a new generation of euro countries embraced mass legality, ___ began to shy away from it
|
france
|
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2 ways legalizations can be interpreted:
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1) evidence that soverign states can adapt and cope w movements
2) proof of govt's inability to stop aliens |
|
TFW programs re-emerged after 1973 with a few differences: (3)
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number of admittances declined, separation of high and low skills, important of remittances
|
|
2006, 147 of 192 nation states signed a policy on refugees... also had the principle of non-refoulement:
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not to return them to a country where they may be persecuted
|
|
how are people chosen for resettlemtn
|
usually selected by the UNHCR in coop with governments of resettlement countries (usually USA, Canada, AUS, and NZ)
|
|
asylum seekers
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people who have crossed an international border in search of protection but whose claims for refugee status have not yet been decided
|
|
different types of protection for seekers: classic, temp, and humanitarian
|
classic- full redugee status for thos fulfilling 1951 requirements
temp- protection for war refugees human- people not considered refugees, but who may be endangered if return |
|
how do we deal with IDPs
|
no international legal instructions, although they are covered by a general human rights convention
|
|
development displaced
|
people compelled to move by large scale development projectssuch as dams, airports, roads, etc. (10-15 million a year)
|
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persons of concern"
|
conventional refugees plus all persons who receive protection or assistance from UNHCR
|
|
top host countries for refugees (3)
|
pakistan, iran, USA
|
|
international refugee regime
|
set of legal norms based on humanitarian and human rights laws as well as a number of insitutions designed to protect and assist refugees
- regime shaped by WWII and cold war |
|
early 90s were a time of politicixation of asylum (lots of problems)- Europe sttes reacted with a series of restructions- which led to a "fortress europe" (6)
|
1) restrict refugees
2) temp. protetion 3) non-arrival policies- prevent people without accurate documents and sanctions put in place 4) diversion policies- declare border countries as safe- send them there 5) restricting 1951 convention 6) europ cooperation on asylum and immigation rules |
|
number of official refugees decline after 95, why?
|
restrictive measures in receiving countries
|
|
1975-2000, this country provided more resettlement to more refugees than any other places cobined
|
usa
|
|
when was the doors open policy to cubans since 50 put in restriction
|
80s
- also more restrictions post 9.11 on all refugees |
|
protracted refugee situation
|
refugee populations of over 25,000 persons or more in exhile for five years or more
* Warehoused refugees |
|
Schengen agreement
|
1995- complete removal of border controls for people moving between countries of germany, belguim, france, spain, portugal, lux, and hollad
|
|
how was this compensated for?
|
the creation of the Schengen information system (SIS) - a network of info designed to enhance cooperation between states on judicial matters such as transnational crime and terrorism
- eventually almost all countries signed on |
|
Migration hump theory (Martin)
|
trade liberalization would diminish illegal migration over the long term (i.e. NAFTA)
- actually GREW- think of mexicans having to move north due to this |
|
smuggling is ___ and seen as one of the biggest
|
increasing, criminal markets in the world (women 80% and minors 50%)
|
|
two main ideas of baldwin paper
|
1) illegal migration should not be framed as a problem, but as an outcome of poor migration/labour policies
2) illegal migration is stucturall embedded in advanced capitalist economies |
|
4 types of illegal migration (baldwin)
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1) unauthorized entry
2) fradulent entry 3) visa overstaying 4) violation of terms and conditions of a visa (unathorized employment changes, authorized stat, etc) |
|
people used to believe a high population meant ___
|
high emigration
- no proof of this |
|
4 reasons people may migrate from these places during a time of capitalism
|
structural poverty, lack of opps, networks, and a culture of migration
|
|
two components of the receiving countries' labour markets:
|
dependent exploitation
informal economiy |
|
there is an increasing ___ of the labour market, and this is ___ for native workers
|
segmentation (primary, secondary, informal)
- positive- promotes their upward mobility |
|
portes' three forms of informality in advances capitalism
|
survival, dependent exploitation, and growth
|
|
formalization thesis (baldwin)
|
economic development leads to a shift away from informal ecmployment and towards formal
|
|
3 reasons why states' capacities too manage immigration according to labour market needs is inadequate:
|
1) predicitng future economic needs is too demanding (easier just to hire illegals)
2) liberalization of immigration policy has to be a political position (policies usually more ideological than pragmatic |
|
OVERALL, 2 things lead to illegal migration being structually embedded
|
poor policies, and politicization
|
|
canada has made no efforts to
|
collect data on illegals: estimates by CIC: 80-120,000
by NGO's- 200,500,000 TOPIC IS INVISIBLE- nOT A PUBLIC DEBATE LIKE IN USA |
|
precarious status marked by absence of 4 things
|
1) work authorization
2) right to remain permnanently in country 3) not depending on third party for rights 4) social citizenship rights |
|
removing binary categories of illegal and legal helps remove responsibility of
|
individuals= shows issues with policy
|
|
does permnant residence status eliminate precariousness chances?
|
no- can still ne convicted of offenses, can fail to maintain residence agreements, sponsorship relationship may break down
|
|
5 paths to precarious status
|
1) family sponsorship
2) refugee policies and processes 3) seasonal/temp. workers 4) tourists 5) foreign students |
|
2 avenues to protection (policy and progress)
|
1) overseas resettlement program
2) inland application process |
|
ineligible to apply for refugee status if (4)
|
1)previously applied
2) have it in another country 3) inadmissinle due to criminality, etc 4) have come to Canada by way of a safe 3rd country |
|
options to regain refugee status after losing it (3)
|
1) judicial review
2) pre-removal risk assessment 3) Humanitarian and compassion application |
|
trajectory 1 of mexican/guat migrants
|
first entered canada as migrant workers *
- afterwards, may have been forced to leave, came back as tourists, left on their own, still have working visa, come back into program , etc. |
|
trajectory 2
|
come as tourists*
- some stay, ad some apply for refugee status |
|
the ones that aply for refugee status are called jumpers, which means
|
they have jumped the que and not come through humanitarian frameworkers- truely just economic migrants
|
|
did those in trajectory 2 get work
|
all of them did - in greenhouses
|
|
what 2 processes does this show
|
that temp workers may produce illegality, but also protects illegality by providing an employment niche for undocumented workers
|
|
here, disiplinary power emeges from 2 structural factors:
|
1) deportation regimes- Mexican state and canadian state with the international organization for migration (IOM) actively participate in 2 ways : 1) police farms 2) train workers in obediance and threaten deportation
2) social relations based on authoritarianism, surveillance, and control of labour time 1) cameras 2) use of capataces (ruler who disciplines) |
|
self-discipline may also be used: 4 ways:
|
1) from unsafe places (marianita hiding from authorities- know the hot spots of immigration control)
2) in social relations (not drinking alcohol, learning who to trust) 3) self-control (dont stand out) 4) management techniques to pass as documented (confidence and respect around cops) |
|
dominant form of self-discipline at work expressed itself through
|
echarle ganas= work as hard as possible
|
|
in the context of precariousness by the disciplinary power, the workers navigating in the zone of precarity tend to (2)
|
1) disrupt/defy disciplinary power imposed by the state by
a) dropping out 2) overstaying 3) hiding 2) reinforce disciplinary pwoer by a) practicing self-discipline b) calling police to tell them of undocumented workers and making their deportation possible |
|
4 problems experienced by workers
|
1) labor insecurity (felt by all)
2) sexual harassment (women) 3) isolation and sadness (undocumented) 4) barriers to public health care (all) |
|
the new security dimension of migration is part of the
|
politicization of migration
|
|
why is international migration seen more of a security threat pist cold war than it was post WWII?
|
post WWII it was seen as economic, beneficial, and temporary
|
|
- Why were attacks like the ones of 9/11 not seen as a predictable threat, even though they had many warnings?
|
Only took the warnings of nation-states seriously... did not listen to those coming from non-state actors (which is what Al-Qaida is)
|
|
- Migrant insecurity is linked to perceived threats, which can be divided into three categories:
|
cultural (seen as threat to culture), socioeconomic (threat to economy), and political (political disloyal/discursive)
|
|
- A state’s immigration can be good
- It can also contribute to its “soft power" which is: |
its ability to achieve foreign policy and security objectives without recourse to military or economic means of persuasion
- i.e. Nye views the large body of foreign students studying in the USA as an important source of soft power |
|
- smart power
|
influence that arises from investing in global goods that better enable states to address global challenges
|
|
- migration flows can interact with other factors to foment violent conflict in three ways
|
providing resources that fuel internal conflicts, facilitating networks of organized crime, and by serving as conduits for international terrorism
|
|
what is specific about the migration flows in the film
|
smuggling (border richest country), very gendered
|
|
in regards to conscequences, what is specific
|
risk of dying while crossing border, men would stay there and forget their families
* everythign more acute when illegal |
|
recent immigrants do ___ do as well as those that came in the ___
|
do not do as well, 70s and 80s
|
|
for example, women arriving in 1980 made ___% of natives income, but by 2005 made __%
|
86%, 56%
|
|
what about the argument that they start off low but will catch up?
|
this does not work, because the rate of catching up is in decline also (takes almost 25 yrs)
|
|
5 reasons why immigrant earnings are in decline
|
1) language
2) social capital networks 3) native population more educated-more competition 4) lack connections 5) as soon as become canadian, dont get immigrant social services |
|
Chart by Li, factor A (3)
|
elements that are stable in the system:
1) employer's discount education/work from LDC's 2) immigrants who arrive young have better outcomes 3) old racist, gender, and class biases continue |
|
factor B (1)
|
new economic conditions arising from global trade
1) conditions increase job competition and favor native-born workers |
|
factor C: (4)
|
outcomes associated with rising proportion of immigrants from LDCs
1) policies/circumstances lead to more immigrants from ldcs 2) rising prop. of VM immigrants 3) more immigrants with weak language skills for high-job levels 4) low social capital due to residence/ethnic enclaving |
|
ethnic enclaves: viscious circle model
|
whether forced or voluntary-->low skilled/low payed jobs--> ethnic-class/prejudice--> leads back to enclave formation
|
|
when we consider canadian born white versus canadian born VM, they ___
|
earn the same
* when we add foreign born visible minorty- there is a gap |
|
recent immigrants are in direct competition with
|
older immigrants
|
|
conclusion: 4 reasons that may explain the declining earnings of immigrants :
|
1) causes rooted in macroeconomic conditions (national, but linked to global processes)
2) changing composition of origin countries (used to be from Europe- now more from LDC's- doesnt mean they're not as good- just not credentially recognized 3) new immigrants take low skilled jobs because they need money upon arrival asap- leads to cycle 4) housing issues-ethnic enclaves |
|
what two things are embedded in ALL these processes
|
racism and discrimination
|
|
athletes are becoming very __ in terms of citizenship
|
mobile
|
|
athletes have become objects of ___
|
capitalism (wearing adverts, etc.)
- |
|
2 arguments of global sport
|
1) liberating and promoting dialogue and global understanding
2) symptomatic of a new and consumer dominated phase of western capitalism |
|
5 types of sports migrants
|
pioneers, settlers, mercene-ries, nomadic cosmos, returnees
|
|
pioneers
|
migrants posessing passion for promoting virtue of their sport- want to convert others to it
|
|
settlers
|
move for reasons other than sport, but settle and eventually represent the country in that sport
|
|
mercene-ries
|
motivated by games, use agents, better contracts, better deals, (we hear about this the most)
|
|
nomadic
|
motivated more by the worldly life that an elite athlete can have
|
|
most migration from OECD countries is not specifically
|
for $ reasons
|
|
largest category is
|
family reunion
|
|
what about having immigrants come over to improve birth rates?
|
short-term solution- immigrant fertility behaviour tends to take on patterns of the host society
|
|
sectoral distribution
|
the industries in which migrants work
|
|
migrant employment in the tertiary sector seems to be dualistic:
|
concentration at low levels and at high levels, with a gap in between
|
|
in early stages of migration, most
|
succeeded in getting jobs (picture is more mixed today)
|
|
who has the greatest labour market issues
|
native-born children of immigrants from African areas
- lack of networks, knoweldge, and discrimination |
|
since 80s, migrant self-___ has become more common
|
self employment- resturaunts, ma and pa stores, convience stores
|
|
main source of low skill in USA
main source in Euroe |
undocumented
temp workers/undocumented |
|
political economy stages 1st
|
45-73= factories, manual workers, unions, as long as economies in NA and euro expanded there was little competition
|
|
2nd phase
|
recessions, asian competition, decrease in profit, new DOL, recruitment from north stopped
|
|
3rd phase
|
90s. recreation of sweatshops, exploitive conditions, social transofrmation, laissex-fair state, little protection
|
|
key element of neoliberal employment practices
|
turn wage workers into independent contractors- who have no guarentee of work but have to buy their own stuff and look after their own safety
|
|
examples of this
|
fake cab drivrrs- long hours, insecure work
|
|
casual employment
|
hiring people for specific jobs or paying them by the hour - increasing due to employment deregulation
|
|
immigrant women have least favourable job outcomes for thre biug reasons
|
1) assumption they are not breadwinner
2) epectation that they are temp. 3) need for part-time due to family |
|
__% of people in trafficking are in sex trade
|
75-80%
|
|
one of the most dramatic and suprising trend of the last 20 years
|
growth of informal economies in advanced countries
- informal used to be associated only with developing nations |
|
this is due to two things
|
neoliberalism and economic deregulation
|
|
neoliberal labour market theories
|
argue that variations in employment status are due to differing levels of human capital
|
|
migrants have unemployment rates often ___ that of natives
|
twice
|
|
aim of Li's study
|
looks at market worth of immigrants educational credentials
|
|
most people say they dont get jobs because
|
credentials not recognized
|
|
Li has agood paper because he
|
introduces other variables that may be intertwined, like gender
|
|
who is most at risk?
|
those completely educated abroad
|
|
Li looks at 4 groups
|
1) canadian born degree holders
2) immigrant canadian degree holders 3) immigrant mixed education degree holders 4) immigrant foreign degree holders |
|
after controlling for other variables who still has lower incomes
|
non white immigrats
|
|
why? (3)
|
1)credentials not recognized
2) discrimination 3) recent arrivals |
|
earnings rank
|
1) white canadian men
2) VM men 3) female white canadians 4) VM females (50% of difference due to credentials, other half due to other things- networks, language, racism, etc.) |
|
racial differences in earnings are more pronounced in __ than __
|
men than women
|
|
conclusion of Li
|
gender and race cannot be separated from credentials
|
|
immigrants are more likely to
|
be degree holders
|
|
overall, about ___ % of income disparity can be attributed to foreign degrees
|
50%
|
|
3 reccomendations from Li
|
1) policies to bridge economic disparities must look at intersectionality
2) need policiy to recognize foreign credentials 3) policies to address more funamental sources of inequality in Canada- gender and race |
|
studying migration as gendered is very
|
recent- assumption was that most migrants were men
|
|
there was a ___ stereotype
|
training wife
|
|
3 phases in gender and migration research
|
1) remedying the exclusion of women (trailing wife, gender empiricism)
2)from 'women and migration' to 'gender and migration' (focus on family sphere, recrutment is gendered) 3)gender as a constitutive element of migration (identities, policies, experiences) |
|
how does family sphere shape migration
|
depends on level of patriarchy/access to resources
|
|
according to boyd, gendered outcomes for migrants are produced through
|
gendered conditions of entry and re-inforced by exsiting gendered conditions in the landing country
|
|
feminization of survival
|
changes in society (i.e. male job losses) have led to relying on female labor for survival
|
|
impact of women's status and gender eqaulity or their propensity to migrate operates at 3 levels
|
larger society, family, individual
|
|
societal
|
1) capacity of state to protect its members and their livelihood
2) state policy towards migration 3) community norms and cultural values that determine whether or not a woman can migrate |
|
family
|
1) roles defined here
2) hierarchies set up with senior men having greater resource access 3) place where migration motivations and values are shaped, himan capital is accured, info is received, and decisions are made |
|
individual
|
race, age, role, position, class, etc
|
|
this does not mean that women only migrate when they have high status... may (3)
|
1) do it to prove a point -empowerment
2) follow males 3) may be better suited (domestic servants, etc) |
|
two mechanisms for ensuring migration decisions empower women
|
development, gender equality (key levers of change)
|
|
migration hump
|
growing development and improvements in gender equality (knowdlgeds, education, opps, can afford) may stimulate migration (this is short term---- eventually these things will reduce migration)
|
|
gender mainstreaming
|
the process of assessing implications for women and for men of any planned action
|
|
migrant women may experience a triple __
|
burden: female, foreign, racialized
|
|
message from boyd on empowerement
|
may not be good for all- cannot generalize- must look only at middle range dynamics
|
|
4 questions in boyds exit conditions
|
1) link between migration and poverty (link is huge)
2) what is the gendered structure in which they migrate 3) how much agency/resources do they have? 4) how much human capital do they have? (gendered- women have less access to things to get capital- i.e. education, ... points sytem takes men quicker) |
|
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT BY FEMINIZATION OF MIGRATION, BOYD TALKS ABOUT FEMINIZATION OF
|
poverty
|
|
accordng to boyd, overall, does international migration promote gender equality?
|
results are mixed, depends on specific case but overall results are positive or no impact at all
|
|
boyds 5 conditions of entry
|
1) gender stratification in destination
2) legal framework: dependent/independent 3) right to work 4) welfare regime 5) family environment (reproduce gendered?) |
|
Japan has NO
|
foreign live in caregivers- not acceptable to have others care for your children
|
|
proportion of viet female migrant workers was very high and then there was a drop from 2004-2007, why?
|
policy changes in one of the main destinations- Taiwan-
- also restructions placed on them as people were staying too long |
|
qualitative interviews done on returnee migrant workers... what did they rate
|
1/3 saw experience as poor, 1/3 as good, 1/3 didnt see too much change
|
|
gendered recruitment
|
women relied on small networks (siblings and friends) (fewer opps)
men reached further (could go to village next foor, meet with networks) (more options) |
|
womens networks were shaped by two things
|
age and type of work
young single women (factories) married women (domestic workers) - keep these women separate |
|
migration costs
|
more expensive for men (regardless of work) - men have to pay up front (often up to 6,000)
women pay less at recurit stage but deducted highly during work (women had to borrow, men could get loans, sell property, etc) * despire this, overall cheaper for women |
|
gendered training
|
very gendeered based on the job
- training businesses are a large market (knoweldge of rights, basi language, have to pay, and get certified) |
|
gendered roads of return
|
- return after contract
- return early (forced or decided) - return after overstaying visa (turn youtdelf in or be deported) * overstayers mostly men- better networks/connections *men more likely to take risks * no gender difference for those returning early |
|
however, how did people view early returners?
|
men who returned early were sympathized with or looked upon with suspicion (drank, lazy, etc?)
- women, suspicion more systematic- "she must have done something wrong, seduced the master" |
|
therfore, if a woman returns early, more likely ___, and men ___
|
held respoinsible, if a male returns early seen more systemic
|
|
way people invest remittances is very gendered
|
women may want to start a business but noone goes because a women is running it- ghendered
|
|
second generation
|
at least one parent not born in canadA
|
|
1.5 generation
|
born abroad but immigrated as a child (cut off age debatable/changes with study)
|
|
3rd generation
|
both parents born in Canada
|
|
1st generation
|
born abroad
|
|
__ % of our population is immigrant, or children of immigrant
|
40
|
|
why do second generations overachieve
|
lost of pressure, and a selection hypothesis (those coming over are already more educated)
|
|
VM second generation canadians do
|
just as well as canadian born whites
|
|
experience of 2nd generation varies a lot between western countires... canada has good outcomes, USA has more
|
polarization, europe... has a lot more difficulties to incorporate
|
|
what two groups based on all graphs have great outcomes
|
chines and south asian
|
|
which model does evidence support
|
the success model
|
|
will the advantages continue over the life course?
|
depends why you came- immigrant? war? - upringing is different/experiences different
|
|
what accounts for these variations
|
networks, enclaves, ideologies, etc.
|
|
2nd generation youth overachieve compared to
|
non VM 3rd plus generations (high intergenerational mobility)
|
|
what does the US and Canada call this
|
immigrant optimism hypothesis/ success orientation model
|
|
the relatively recent arrival of non-euro immigrants and thus of VM's creates 3 demo. differences between generation froups and between VM and non VM
|
1) VM pop in canada largely foreign born (84%) whereas NVM pop. is third plus (70%)
2) VM grouos more likely to live in CMA (93%) compared to 68% of Non VM 3) VM 2nd generation is very young (78% 15-29) compared to 26% Non VM |
|
2nd generation more likelt than 3rd plus to
|
graduate highschool, have bachelor degrees (exception is black and latinos)
|
|
2nd generation young women earn ___ than male counterparts, with exceptions of SA and chinese their weekly earnings are similar to earnings of __
|
less, of 3rd plus non VM
|
|
even though the success model is proved true, there are two cautions
|
1) young adult focus- many are still in school - more research needed
2) variations can still occur - NOT A HOMO EXPERIENCE |
|
1st generation =
2nd = 3rd + = |
24%, 16%, 60%
|
|
who are the second generation?
|
most repoted"other euro" followed by CBF, than other, and then aboriginals
|
|
__% of second generation is VMS, with top three being
|
14, chinese, SA, and black
|
|
for south asian and chinese, there continues to be a concentraion in CMA's but less so than first generation, the pattern for blacks
|
stays the same over generations
|
|
arthur found __ of 10-13 yr old second generation kids had experienced discrimination
|
1/3
|
|
three elements for discrimination
|
skin colour, nativity, accent
|
|
arthur looked at three groups
|
mainland chinese, HK chinese, and filipino children
|
|
most common three responses
|
talked to a friend, worked hardto be better, and defined offender as stupid
- types of responses similar in all groups |
|
who felt most impact from experience?
|
filipno children (a suprising # felt no impact)
|
|
children felt the event
|
strengthened attachement to their culture and made them more mature (did not impact identity)
|
|
70% were not
|
sad for more than a minute
|
|
overall ___ resiliancy patterns
|
healthy
|
|
percent of foreign born canadians are ___ now, with __ % being VM
|
20, 14
|
|
how did the mainland chinese react
|
1/3 felt it made them turn against Canada, and 1/3 felt the experience made them wish they were not chinese
|
|
main differences in migratory processes
|
public attitudes, government policies, settlement, citizenship, and cultural pluralism
|
|
UK accepted people as ___ before groups, while germany did the opposite
|
individuals
|
|
assimilation
|
incoprotated through a one sided process- give up distinctive culture and become just like theirs
|
|
differential exclusion
|
also known as guestworker model- migrants were temporarily incorporated into certain areas of society, but denied access to others (accepted into labour force but denied citizenship i.e.)
|
|
why did assimilation fail
|
people became necessities,and non white euros were forming ethnic enclaves
|
|
unanticipated effect of border controls at USA mex border
|
temp immigration just lead to permanent settlement
|
|
taking the period since 1945 as a whole, three groups of countries can be distinguished
|
1) classical immigration countries
2) france, netherlands, UK 3) those clining to guestworker programs |
|
classical immigration countries
|
encouraged family reunion, permnanet settlement, and treated most legal immigrants as future citizens
|
|
france holland and ULK
|
immigrants from former colonies were often citizens at time of entry. perma immigration and family reunion have generally been permittied. immigrants from other countries has a less favorable situation- allow settelement and naturalization have been allowed
|
|
those clinging to guestworker programs
|
germany, austria, swiz- tried to prevent family reunion, reluctant to grant secure resident status, and had highly strict naturalization rules
|
|
EU was developed in __ to create a
|
1993, unified labour market
|
|
which country has the hughest degree of residential segregation
|
USA
|
|
residential segregation has two elements
|
self-definition and other definition
|
|
countries where community formation has taken place most easily has been ones with
|
open and flexible housing markets
|
|
three patterns of race and minotiris in immigration countries
|
1) some settlers have merged into the population and do not consitute separate ethnic groups (usually econmically similar)
2) form ethnic enclaves (i.e. italian communities) 3) form ethnic minorities (most excluded i.e. asians ) |
|
4 reasons for phenotypical difference (skin colour race) are the main markers of minority status:
|
1) recent arrival
2) cultural distance 3) SES position 4) racism targets |
|
most significant explanation of minority formation lies in practices of ____
|
exclusion by majority populations and states
|
|
laws on citizenship and nationality derive from two competitng principles
|
1) ius sanguinis (law of the blood)- descent from a national of the country- often linked to ethnic or folk model)
2) ius soli (law of soil) - birth in territory of country- nation state built through incorporation of groups or immigration (canada) |
|
all countries have rules based on ___ but one or the other may predominate, immigrant rates are higher in ___ countries
|
combo of both, ius soli
|
|
___ countries confer birthright citizenship on all children born in territory, however, ___ countries confer only on children of existing citizens
|
ius soli, ius sanguinis
|
|
increasingly, entitlement to citizenship grows out of long-term resicence, called ___
|
ius domicili
|
|
language maintenance applied to ____ generations, after which it rapidly declines
|
first two or three
|
|
which country frist gave voting rights to aliens
|
sweden (holland next)
|
|
in general, political parties on the ___ side of the spectrum tend to take migration related concerns into account more often, and are rewarded for their efforts
|
left
|
|
desiphio
|
found naturalization parcipated less in elections, and adaptation is highly individual
- dual citizenship less likely to vote |
|
freeman
|
gap in immigration policy between political elite and general pibloc, with elite favouring more exanisve immigration policies which are usually opposed by general public
|
|
hollifield
|
liberal democracies constrained when making policies,
|
|
soysal
|
viewed emergence of international regime as constraining policy
|
|
Joppke
|
diagreed and felt constraints were self-imposed or resulting from past principles -does not believe in extrernal constraints
- feels that by signing things like geenva convention is constraining |
|
globalization thesis
|
views democratic states as increasingly unable to control migration between coiuntries due to underlying SES and plitical transofmrations
|
|
tichenor : 4 interlocking processes effecting US immigration law making
|
1) changing institional opps and constraints
2) shifting view of immigration experts 3) perceived international threat or lack therof 4) changing nature of interest group coalitions |
|
4 trends since last edition
|
1) growing connection between globalization, social transform, and migration
2) rapid demo transition to low mortality and fertility, and greater longevity (most will happen in developing, 3 million by 2050) 3) labour force dynamics- growth in OEVD countries 4) emergence of multipolar world of regions (regional agreements, emergence of china, mex, brazil, Samerica, and Skorea)- migration used to be national- now more open bordered 5) more flexible types of international mobility (travil, study, marriage, etc) |
|
transnationalism
|
Sustained cross-border relationships, patterns of exchange, affiliations and social formations spanning nation-states
|
|
5 takes on transnationalism
|
1) social morphology
2) type of consciousness 3)mode of cultural reproduction 4)avenue of capital 5) site of political engagement |
|
social morphology
|
social formation spanning borders, with transnational ties
|
|
types of consciousness
|
diaspora consciousness: dual or multiple identities
* de-centrerd attachments |
|
6 features of diaspora communities
|
1) dispersal
2) collective memory 3) idealization 4) return movement 5) strong identification 6) sense of empathy |
|
mode of cultural reproduction
|
new ethnicities, styles composed from different areas
|
|
avenue of capital
|
transnational corporations, transnational capitalist class, remittances
|
|
site of political engagement
|
general public space, communication through technologies, transnational communties
|
|
three new things about migrant transnationalism
|
dual citizenship, new means of communication-easier to stay in touch, used to be seen as threat but now an asset
|
|
transnationalism from above
|
multinationals, bilateral agreements between states, etc.
|
|
transnationalism from below
|
more individual and personal level?
|
|
worlds largest exporters of university students 3
|
china, india, SK (within europe, germany is the leader)
|
|
top 4 importers
|
USA, UK, france, Australia
|
|
when population size is taken into consideration, who is the true leaders
|
Australia and NZ (Canada in 3rd)
|
|
which province takes the most
|
ontario (40%) with toronto taking 50% of those
|
|
parachute kids
|
parents are decision makers here: [placement of their kids in these scchools is a family strategy
|
|
why do they want to stay after graduation and why do they want to leave?
|
stay- employment, experience
leave- personal relationships/family |
|
studentd prefer to live in __ but work in the ___ why?
|
canada, USA, confusing work policies
|
|
migration opportunities: FSW
|
federally skilled worker- point system based
|
|
PhD stream
|
recent graduate or two years good standing- small program- still have to following FSW requirements
|
|
PNP
|
provinvial nominee program - nominated by province, employer driven system and not based on points
|
|
CEC
|
canadian experience class
have degree, completely and a year of full time work experience - should be canadian and skilled - similar to Skilled worker class but doesnt rely on ploints |
|
in canada, transitions from itnernational student to foreign worker is
|
growing
|
|
however, foreign students still contrible
|
the least to permanent stream (2.7%)
|
|
what is included in super diversity definition
|
country of origin
migration channel legal status human capital access to employment locality responses by authorities services provided |
|
2001:
2006: 2007: |
global comission on international migration : 6 principles
- UN high level dialogue on migration and development - global forum on migration and development |
|
6 principles (7)
|
1) respect for rights
2) relevance 3) additional/spillover benefits 4) potential for replication 5)innovativeness 6) broad base 7) effecitvness |
|
there has only been one international convention
|
The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
|
|
4 obstacles to international migration regime
|
1) abundant supply of foreign labor (we have enough, MLCs dont need regime- can sign agreements or tolerate illegals- may change with population decline)
2) no reciprocacy (rich countries dont see benefit- would be unidirectional from less developed to more) 3) lack of leadership (noone ready to lead, or dont trust those who would) 4) migration as 'bad' (political leaders/public debates may still see it as abnormal/problematic |
|
how to induce less international migration (3)
|
reform in trade policies (think mex issues), development assistance (always a gap between rich and poor besides attempts to help), regional integration 9free trade areas, legalizing movements, - however, this usually only works between similar states with similar cultures and values- think EU)
|
|
percent of world population involved
|
3.5%
|
|
migration transition
|
emigration declines and is eventually replaced by more balanced relationships between in and outmigration
|
|
unwanted migration
|
-illegal crossers
-overstayers - workers without permission -families prevented from staying - asylum seekers not regarded yet as refugees |
|
duble risk of immigrants
|
may siffer unemployment and social marginalization,while at same time being prortrayed as CAUSE of these problems
|
|
emergence of a two thirds society
|
where top strata is affluent while bottom third is impovershed- often accompanied by ghettoization of disadvantged and rise of racism
|
|
Schiller article says we need to stop looking at migrants as
|
uprooted
|
|
census questions often assumes these people have
|
cut ties
|
|
3 potent forces in the current global economies that lead them to settle, but also live transnational lvies
|
1) global restructuing of capital
2) racism- leads to insecurity 3) nation building projects |
|
deterritoralized nation states
|
definining national border in a social manner
|
|
Haiti case
|
Haiti is considered borderless- exists wherever the people have settled- nationalized transmigrants
|
|
histporically, racism involves mixtures of
|
incorporation and exclusion
|
|
dominant form of racism in canada is
|
backlash
|
|
although we rid of racist policies in 1962..
|
racism still exists
|
|
until 1962
|
COLONIAL RACISM
incorporation- DOL exclusion- laws affecting natives and immigrants |
|
1962-1970
|
WIDESPREAD INFORMAL RACISM
- incroporation- direct with multicultural policies - exclusion- partial (taking jobs below skill level and harder to move up) |
|
1980-1990
|
BACKLASH RACISM FROM THREATENED GROUPS
-incorporation: direct-priortiy to high skilled and business exclusion- partial |
|
why dont people like the asians coming (4)
|
1) inflated real estate values
2) monster houses 3) offensive dress 4) job stealers |