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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
why is transmission a challenge?
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-survived b/c it was copied over again
-ppl make up stories, pass them down orally, sometimes only remember specific things |
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Why is Pericles' funeral oration biased? (JHM) Why is this bad?
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-trying to convince audience that they're better than Spartans b/c he wants to justify their battles, honor dead, motivate further military action against Sparta
- not always accurate depiction of what's going on |
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Why is wrong with "Satrapi and the God of Death?" (SML)
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-supernatural/mythic tendencies
-can't be taken literally as truth because obviously, God of Death does not exist in real life (just a myth) |
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Why is it a challenge to analyze the Bible? (PCA)
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-Israelites preserved only aspects of stories that they came to believe themselves
-stories written down centuries after they took place -archaeological findings dispute stories |
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What features did Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley share? (WTAFP)
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*SIMILAR*
-writing -began in tiny villages throughout river valley -based on agriculture -fertile soil near rivers (Nile, Tigris/Euphrates, Indus River) -polytheistic religion (Mesopotamia/Egypt) |
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What were the writing formats of each of the 3 civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley)? What were their purposes?
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-Mesopotamia --> cuneiform
-Egypt --> hieroglyphics -Indus Valley --> pictographic symbols **primary purpose for commercial transactions |
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How were Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley different? (irrigation, government, religion)
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-Indus River Valley --> advanced drainage system, not centralized monarchy, possible that religion advanced to belief in single god
Mesopotamia --> theocracy, -large scale irrigation -Hammurabi = ruler -few natural barriers -Egypt --> -gradual/predictable flooding -monarchy -natural barriers for protection (deserts/Mediterranean Sea) |
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Describe the "first international system" and its significance. (CEMAWIT)
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-period of cultural exchange, marriage alliances, new wealth, ideas, technologies
-international diplomacy, trade, defense treaties |
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When did the international system occur?
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1500-1200 BCE
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Which states were in the international system? (EBHPMC)
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-Egypt
-Babylonia -Hittites -Phoenicians -Mycenaeans, Cyprus, Nubia |
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Why did the international system collapse?
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-Kingdoms depended on each other
-All fought the same way with chariots -not prepared for new way of warfare -Cities burned down because they were attacked by the Sea Peoples |
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What were the implications of the first international system's collapse?
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All states except Egypt collapsed; only Egypt proceeded to continue as a civilization with power. The other civilizations died away and did not leave a historical legacy.
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Describe the societal organization and values of Classical Sparta according to Plutarch. (WALBoBaBu)
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-valued strong women and wanted them to exercise in the nude
-authoritarian state -few cultural/leisurely amenities -boys taken away at age 6 to endure pure and discipline -men only allowed to take baths several days in the year -much discipline -no need to do business, society based on honor and not wealth |
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Describe the societal organization and values of Athens according to Pericles' Funeral Oration. (CoFCuDLO)
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-commercial state
-don't exclude foreign residents -proud cultural life with public art theater -democracy -much leisure -games and sacrifices all year around -open city to the world -generous and kind -citizens are fair judges of public matters |
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What was the legacy of Alexander the Great? (CTLGHe)
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-founded many cities, many of which were named Alexandria
-most cities placed on trade routes -Alexandria in Egypt housed library -Goods and customs mingled -Greek language united the many peoples of the empire -former enemies brought together under Hellenization -spread Greek ideals to the East |
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What are the principles of Buddhism? When were these principles given?
(RKNM48) |
-**Given at Sermon at Benares by Gautama
-reincarnation -karma (influences movement of souls up and down scale of life) -nirvana (metaphysical reality) -misery of human beings is caused by attachment to worldly things -4 Noble Truths -Eightfold Way |
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Who founded Buddhism, and when?
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-Prince Gautama, 6th century BCE
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How did Buddhism spread from India to China?
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-Merchants on Silk Road trade from India to China
-no Buddhist text translated into Chinese until 5th century CE -Buddhist monks arrive in China in 2nd century CE |
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What are the principles of Confucianism? (HMCDD)
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-detached view of Heaven
-rule by Merit -compassion for others -Duty for family/community -Dao - follow it, everybody has it |
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What are the principles of Legalism? (HFHLR)
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-human beings are by nature evil
-Firm action necessary by state for order -Han Feizi -Light offences should be punished severely -Superior official regulates everybody's likes/dislikes -Harsh punishment motivates people more -Ruler only can create orderly society |
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What are the principles of Daoism? (DDIN)
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**according to Dao De Jing
-Dao sets proper form of behavior for humans -true will of heaven is received by INACTION -act spontaneously, let nature take its course |
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How did China use religion (the Mandate of Heaven) to create political legitimacy, and when did this occur?
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** Zhou Dynasty - 1025-225 BCE
-heaven maintained order in universe through Zhou King -each founder of new dynasty asserted that he had the Mandate of Heaven |
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Why was the Zhou King important, and how was he selected?
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representative of heaven selected because of talent and virtue
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What was the duty of the Zhou King?
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appease gods in order to protect the people
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How did Mesopotamia use religion to create a sense of common identity?
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-oppressive physical environment (floods, rains, scorching winds, humidity) convinced Mesopotamians that world is controlled by supernatural beings
-everybody feels helpless |
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How did the Mesopotamians feel about their gods/goddesses? (WSMEg)
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-world wasn't safe b/c of them
-human relationships based on subservience -humans were mortal and weak, servants to the gods -mortality = consequence of human failure to obey gods -expressed in The Epic of Gilgamesh (Gilgamesh's death is inevitable b/c he isn't a god) |
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Who were the gods of the Mesopotamians? What did the Mesopotamians practice?
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Enlil, Enki, An
(polytheism) |
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How did India use religion to create political legitimacy?
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Use hinduism to put all living species on vast scale of existence (4 classes and the untouchables)
-brahmans at the top of the scale b/c they were closest to ultimate relase -reincarnation = individual soul reborn and progresses thru several existences until it reaches the Great World Soul "Brahman" |
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How were the consequences of Hinduism on the class system?
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-provided religious justification
-moral and political justification for privileges of upper class -gave the poor hope that they could improve their condition in the next life |
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What does the Bhagavad Gita say about the caste system?
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"The Spirit that is in all beings is immortal in them all," therefore it doesn't matter how you treat ppl or if you kill them
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