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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
why is transmission a challenge?
-survived b/c it was copied over again
-ppl make up stories, pass them down orally, sometimes only remember specific things
Why is Pericles' funeral oration biased? (JHM) Why is this bad?
-trying to convince audience that they're better than Spartans b/c he wants to justify their battles, honor dead, motivate further military action against Sparta
- not always accurate depiction of what's going on
Why is wrong with "Satrapi and the God of Death?" (SML)
-supernatural/mythic tendencies
-can't be taken literally as truth because obviously, God of Death does not exist in real life (just a myth)
Why is it a challenge to analyze the Bible? (PCA)
-Israelites preserved only aspects of stories that they came to believe themselves
-stories written down centuries after they took place
-archaeological findings dispute stories
What features did Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley share? (WTAFP)
*SIMILAR*
-writing
-began in tiny villages throughout river valley
-based on agriculture
-fertile soil near rivers (Nile, Tigris/Euphrates, Indus River)
-polytheistic religion (Mesopotamia/Egypt)
What were the writing formats of each of the 3 civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley)? What were their purposes?
-Mesopotamia --> cuneiform
-Egypt --> hieroglyphics
-Indus Valley --> pictographic symbols
**primary purpose for commercial transactions
How were Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley different? (irrigation, government, religion)
-Indus River Valley --> advanced drainage system, not centralized monarchy, possible that religion advanced to belief in single god

Mesopotamia --> theocracy,
-large scale irrigation
-Hammurabi = ruler
-few natural barriers

-Egypt -->
-gradual/predictable flooding
-monarchy
-natural barriers for protection (deserts/Mediterranean Sea)
Describe the "first international system" and its significance. (CEMAWIT)
-period of cultural exchange, marriage alliances, new wealth, ideas, technologies
-international diplomacy, trade, defense treaties
When did the international system occur?
1500-1200 BCE
Which states were in the international system? (EBHPMC)
-Egypt
-Babylonia
-Hittites
-Phoenicians
-Mycenaeans, Cyprus, Nubia
Why did the international system collapse?
-Kingdoms depended on each other
-All fought the same way with chariots
-not prepared for new way of warfare
-Cities burned down because they were attacked by the Sea Peoples
What were the implications of the first international system's collapse?
All states except Egypt collapsed; only Egypt proceeded to continue as a civilization with power. The other civilizations died away and did not leave a historical legacy.
Describe the societal organization and values of Classical Sparta according to Plutarch. (WALBoBaBu)
-valued strong women and wanted them to exercise in the nude
-authoritarian state
-few cultural/leisurely amenities
-boys taken away at age 6 to endure pure and discipline
-men only allowed to take baths several days in the year
-much discipline
-no need to do business, society based on honor and not wealth
Describe the societal organization and values of Athens according to Pericles' Funeral Oration. (CoFCuDLO)
-commercial state
-don't exclude foreign residents
-proud cultural life with public art theater
-democracy
-much leisure
-games and sacrifices all year around
-open city to the world
-generous and kind
-citizens are fair judges of public matters
What was the legacy of Alexander the Great? (CTLGHe)
-founded many cities, many of which were named Alexandria
-most cities placed on trade routes
-Alexandria in Egypt housed library
-Goods and customs mingled
-Greek language united the many peoples of the empire
-former enemies brought together under Hellenization
-spread Greek ideals to the East
What are the principles of Buddhism? When were these principles given?
(RKNM48)
-**Given at Sermon at Benares by Gautama
-reincarnation
-karma (influences movement of souls up and down scale of life)
-nirvana (metaphysical reality)
-misery of human beings is caused by attachment to worldly things
-4 Noble Truths
-Eightfold Way
Who founded Buddhism, and when?
-Prince Gautama, 6th century BCE
How did Buddhism spread from India to China?
-Merchants on Silk Road trade from India to China
-no Buddhist text translated into Chinese until 5th century CE
-Buddhist monks arrive in China in 2nd century CE
What are the principles of Confucianism? (HMCDD)
-detached view of Heaven
-rule by Merit
-compassion for others
-Duty for family/community
-Dao - follow it, everybody has it
What are the principles of Legalism? (HFHLR)
-human beings are by nature evil
-Firm action necessary by state for order
-Han Feizi
-Light offences should be punished severely
-Superior official regulates everybody's likes/dislikes
-Harsh punishment motivates people more
-Ruler only can create orderly society
What are the principles of Daoism? (DDIN)
**according to Dao De Jing
-Dao sets proper form of behavior for humans
-true will of heaven is received by INACTION
-act spontaneously, let nature take its course
How did China use religion (the Mandate of Heaven) to create political legitimacy, and when did this occur?
** Zhou Dynasty - 1025-225 BCE
-heaven maintained order in universe through Zhou King
-each founder of new dynasty asserted that he had the Mandate of Heaven
Why was the Zhou King important, and how was he selected?
representative of heaven selected because of talent and virtue
What was the duty of the Zhou King?
appease gods in order to protect the people
How did Mesopotamia use religion to create a sense of common identity?
-oppressive physical environment (floods, rains, scorching winds, humidity) convinced Mesopotamians that world is controlled by supernatural beings
-everybody feels helpless
How did the Mesopotamians feel about their gods/goddesses? (WSMEg)
-world wasn't safe b/c of them
-human relationships based on subservience
-humans were mortal and weak, servants to the gods
-mortality = consequence of human failure to obey gods
-expressed in The Epic of Gilgamesh (Gilgamesh's death is inevitable b/c he isn't a god)
Who were the gods of the Mesopotamians? What did the Mesopotamians practice?
Enlil, Enki, An
(polytheism)
How did India use religion to create political legitimacy?
Use hinduism to put all living species on vast scale of existence (4 classes and the untouchables)
-brahmans at the top of the scale b/c they were closest to ultimate relase
-reincarnation = individual soul reborn and progresses thru several existences until it reaches the Great World Soul "Brahman"
How were the consequences of Hinduism on the class system?
-provided religious justification
-moral and political justification for privileges of upper class
-gave the poor hope that they could improve their condition in the next life
What does the Bhagavad Gita say about the caste system?
"The Spirit that is in all beings is immortal in them all," therefore it doesn't matter how you treat ppl or if you kill them