Midterm Pt. 1

Front 1

Nerves can function as 1 of these 3:

Back 1

1) just sensory (sight, smell)
2) just motor (skeletal muscles)
3) mixed

Front 2

Ascending spinal tracts do what?

Back 2

carry sensory info up the spinal cord to the brain- postcentral gyrus

Front 3

Descending spinal tracts do what?

Back 3

carry motor info down spinal cord to the body
(precentral gyrus)

Front 4

Conus medullaris=

Back 4

spinal cord tapers to a conical portion as it ends

Front 5

filum terminale =

Back 5

from the conus medullaris, is an extension of pia mater

Front 6

cauda equina =

Back 6

lower spinal nerves actually leave vertebral canal lower than conus medullaris

Front 7

In the spinal cord,
1) horn =
2) column =

Back 7

1) gray matter
2) white matter

Front 8

gray commissure =

Back 8

a cross-bar or gray matter connecting mirror image lateral gray masses in the spinal cord

Front 9

reflex arc=

Back 9

-the smallest, simplest portion of the nervous system capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response

Front 10

stretch reflex =

Back 10

monosynaptic

Front 11

flexor reflex =

Back 11

-polysynaptic
-functions to move a limb or body part away from a painful stimulus
-has an association neuron between the dorsal horn and ventral horn

Front 12

crossed-extensor reflex=

Back 12

-contralateral

Front 13

exocrine glands do what?

Back 13

discharge secretions through a duct system, generally have lubricating or digestive enzymes

Front 14

endocrine glands do what?

Back 14

discharge secretions directly into ECF then into blood
ex: hormones

Front 15

What is down regulation?

Back 15

the hormone is in excess so decrease the # of receptors

Front 16

What is up regulation?

Back 16

the hormone is deficient so increase the # of receptors

Front 17

What are paracrines and give 1 example:

Back 17

target immediate vicinity
ex: pancreatic somatostatin

Front 18

What are autocrines and give 1 example:

Back 18

target itself
ex: prostaglandins-released by smooth muscle cells and cause the smooth muscle to contract

Front 19

endocrines=

Back 19

target somewhere else in the body

Front 20

water soluble hormones=

Back 20

-circulate freely in blood but can't cross cell membrane
-bind to a receptor and active "2nd messenger"

Front 21

white ramus communicans=

Back 21

-myelinated fiber
-helps connect paravertebral ganglion to spinal nerve

Front 22

gray ramus communicans=

Back 22

-non-myelinated
-helps connect paravertebral ganglion to spinal nerve

Front 23

prevertebral ganglia=

Back 23

3 ganglia in front of abdominal aorta

Front 24

what does the sympathetic division do to the body?

Back 24

-increase HR, BP
-dilate pupils
-deepen breathing
-decrease secretion and mobility of GI tracts
-skin cools, cold sweaty palms

Front 25

(Sympathetic)
Preganglionic fibers can do one of these 3:

Back 25

1) synapse with postganglionic fiber at same level
2) synapse with postganglionic fiber at different level
3) pass thru the paravertebral ganglion and synapse in prevertebral ganglion, then known as splanchnic nerves

Front 26

splanchnic nerves innervate what?

Back 26

-liver
-pancreas
-stomach
-intestines
-kidney
-bladder

Front 27

pharmacological ranges of hormones (using steroids) can cause:

Back 27

-liver cancer
-sturbility
-anti-social behavior
- increased breast size in males
-increased level of cholesterol

Front 28

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland:

Back 28

1) triiodothyronine - T3
2) thyroxine - T4
3) calcitonin

Front 29

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex =

Back 29

1) aldosterone
2) cortisol
3) DHEA

Front 30

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

Back 30

epinephrine and norepinephrine