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43 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Nativism
Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation.
Sacco and Venzetti
A shoemaker and a fish peddler were arrested and charged with the robbery and murder of his paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts
Rise of KKK in the 1920's
They were devoted to 100 percent Americanism. By 1924, membership reached 4.5 million. They believed in keeping blacks in their place. They destroyed saloons, and opposed unions. KKK members were paid to recruit new members into their world. By the end of the decade, its criminal activity led to a decrease in power.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
In 1922, America adopted this tariff which raised taxes on some imports to 60 percent, the highest level ever. The tax protected U.S. businesses, like the chemical and metal industries, from foreign competition. It made impossible for France and Britain to sell enough goods in the U.S. to repay debts.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
It established the highest protective tariff in the U.S history. It was designed to protect farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition.The tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. The tariff made unemployment worse in industries that could no longer export goods to Europe.
Fundamentalism
The protestant movement grounded in a literal/non-symbolic interpretation of the bible was known as Fundamentalism. Fundamentalists were skeptical of some scientific discoveries and theories. They argued that all important knowledge could be found in the Bible. Their beliefs led to reject Charles Darwins theory of evolution.
Darwinism
A theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Double Standard
A set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women. It required women to observe stricter standards on behavior than men did.
Harlem Renaissance
A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture. It was a literary movement led by well-educated, middle-class African-Americans who expressed a new pride in the African-American experience. They celebrated their heritage and wrote with a defiance about the trials of being black in a white world.
Duke Ellington
A jazz pianist and composer that led his ten piece orchestra at the Cotton Club in the 1920's.Ellignton won renown as one of America's greatest composers.
Prohibition
The 18th amendement went into effect in January 1920. It prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alochol in the U.S.
Calvin Coolidge
The new president, who fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920’s very well. His goal was to keep government interference in business to a minimum and to allow private enterprise to flourish.
Warren Harding
Ohio senator, who became president. His words of peace and calm comforted the healing nation, but his judgment turned out to be poor.
“Return to normalcy”
It was United States presidential candidate Warren Harding’s campaign promise in the election of 1920. The public yearned for the normalcy, or the simpler days before the Progressive Era and the Great War.
Federal Home Loan Bank Act
It lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Hoover’s most ambitious economic recover. It was approved by Congress in January 1932. It authorized up to $2 billion for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and other large businesses
Boulder Dam
(Hoover Dam) the world’s tallest and second largest dam. It provide electricity, flood control, and water supply. It’s on the border between Arizona and Nevada.
Speculation
Buying stocks and bonds, while ignoring the risks
Buying margin
Paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. The government did little discourage such buying or to regulate the market. If the value of stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans.
16th Amendment
Authorized income tax without appointment, meaning that Congress could collect taxes on income and from whatever source they wanted. Passed by congress July 12, 1909.
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators. Approved in 1912, in 1913 it made direct election of senators the law of the land.
18th Amendment
Passed by Congress on December 18, 1917. Repealed the 21st Amendment.
19th Amendment
Passed by Congress on June 14, 1919. Allowed women to vote.
Speakeasies
They were hidden underground saloons or nightclubs. that illiegally obtained liquor.To be admitted into a speakeasy, you had to present a card or use a password.
Bootleggers
Were people who snuck liquor into the legs of their boots. They smuggeld it in from Cuba, West Indies, and Canada.
General trend of the economy during the 1920's
The Great Depression occured during the 1920's. The economy hit rock bottom and unemployment blew out the roof. Many banks crashed because people panicked and withdrew their money from the banks. Approximately 90,000 businesses went bankrupt. Unemployment leaped from 3 percent to 25 percent. Causes of the Great Depression were: Tarrifs and war debt policies cut down foreign market for American goods. a crisis in the farm sector, the availablility of easy credit, amd an unequal distribution of income.
General trend of politics in the 1920's
In the 1920's people were all for Hoover and he was elcted to become president. He tried to reassure Americans that the economy was fine and that they would have to work with him and the government to fix it. Hoover soon urged leaders of banks and buisnesses to find solutions to the nation's economy. He asked emplyers not to cut wages or lay off workers. Hoover then ordered people to build the Hoover Dam to create more jobs so epole could provide for their family.
Bonus Army
They were an expeditionary force of WWI veterans that gathered together in Washington D.C.
Herbert Hoover
Became president in October 1929. He tried to reassure the nation that the economy was on "sound footing."
Woodrow Wilson
A reform governor of New Jersey. Elected as president in 1912.He endorsed a platform called New Freedom, which demanded stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.
Eleanor Roosevelt
The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt. As first lady, she urged the president to take stands on controversial issues. She was a public speaker who was interested in child welfare, housing reform, and equal rights for women and minorities.
Frances Perkins
America’s first female cabinet member. As secretary of labor, she played a major role in creating the Social Security System and supervised labor legislation.
Mary McLeod Bethune
An educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans. She was hired by the president to head the d
Division of Negro Affairs on the National Youth Administration, Bethune worked to ensure that the NYA hired African-American administrators and provided job training and other benefits to minority students. She was a close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt and a strong supporter of the New Deal. She also helped organize a “Black Cabinet” of influential African Americans to advise the Roosevelt administration on racial issues.
Brain Trust
A select group of professors, lawyers, and journalists. They were Roosevelt’s advisors.
FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)
The two-term governor of New York and a distant cousin of former president, Theodore Roosevelt. He had the “can-do” attitude that attracted voters. He won the 1932 election against Hoover. He became the president.
New Deal
Was designed to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression. Its policies focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.
Bank Holiday
Roosevelt declared all banks closed with no further withdraws (March 5)
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
(1933) It established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
FDIC
The FDIC provided insurance for individual banks accounts, reassured customers that their money was safe, and required banks to act cautiously with their customers’ money.
Social Security Act
Passed in 1935, was created by a committee chaired by Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins. Its three major parts were old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses, unemployment compensation system, and aid to families with dependent children and the disabled. Although it was not a total pension system or a complete welfare system, it did provide substantial benefits to millions of Americans.
Works Progress Administration
(WPA) A series of programs to help youths, professionals, and other workers. It was headed by Harry Hopkins, the former chief of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. It created as many jobs as possible, as quickly as possible.
Dust Bowl
The region that was the hardest hit, including parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. It was a windstorm that carried dust to the eastern cities. It effects were that farmers left land behind, families headed west to California, and people found work as farmhands.
John Steinbeck
One of the country’s most famous authors. He wrote, The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. it reveals the lives of Oklahomans who left the Dust Bowl and ended up in California.