Midterm For Bio 3

Front 1

Relevance of class

Back 1

Resources, Climate change, biodiversity crisis (Extinction) Astrology (Life on other planets) Evolution

Front 2

Paleontology

Back 2

Study of ancient life through the fossil record

Front 3

Science

Back 3

Standardize method for discovering information about nature

Front 4

2 Major principals of science investigation

Back 4

"Parsimony" The simplest logical explanation
"Replicability"

Front 5

Age of the Earth

Back 5

@4.5 GA or 1.5 million

Front 6

Chemical Layers of Earth

Back 6

Crust, Mantle, Core

Front 7

Outer two mechanical Layers

Back 7

Lithosphere, Asthensphere

Front 8

Plate tectonics

Back 8

Driving Force

Front 9

Tectonic boundaries

Back 9

"Divergent"
"Convergent"-Subduction Zones & Continental Collision
"Transformation"

Front 10

Rock Types

Back 10

Igneous
Sedimentary *
Metamorphic

Front 11

Stenos Law

Back 11

1. Original Horizontality
2. Laternal Continuity
3. Superposition

Front 12

Ma

Back 12

Million Years

Front 13

Ga

Back 13

Billion years

Front 14

Igneous

Back 14

rock formed from molted rock (lava)

Front 15

Sedimentary *

Back 15

rock formed from hardened sediment

Front 16

Metamorphic

Back 16

Rock that has been altered by heat, pressure, or chemical reaction

Front 17

Carbonates

Back 17

Sediments is precipitated from solution and deposited. This can be biogenic and abiogenic

Front 18

Siliciclastics

Back 18

sediment is weathered and eroded from highlands, then transported and deposited in low lands

Front 19

Stenos Law:
Original Horizontality

Back 19

All strata are deposited horizontally

Front 20

Stenos Law:
Latteral Continuity

Back 20

Strata are continuos laterally

Front 21

Stenos Law:
Superposition

Back 21

Oldest strata on the bottom (deposition first) and youngest Strata on the top last

Front 22

Numerical dating

Back 22

1) radiometric Dating, radioactive decay
2) tree rings
3) Varves & Tidal cycles

Front 23

Relative Dating

Back 23

Steno's Law
Fossil intervals
Fossil assemblages

Front 24

Index Fossils

Back 24

Used to define Geologic Period of Time.
Meet certain criteria:
1) SHort Lived
2) Global distribution

Front 25

Taphonomy

Back 25

Study of process of fossilization, everything from Death to Burial to Discovery.

Front 26

Biostratinomy

Back 26

Post Death, Pre-burial (surficial
processes)

Front 27

Diagenesis

Back 27

-Post-burial

Front 28

What are the 2 different types of fibronectins, and what functions do they perform?

Back 28

Insoluble (in extracellular matrix)

Soluble (in plasma & other fluids)

Plays a major role in adhesion of cells to one another and to surfaces.

Helps maintain cell morphology

Front 29

Unaltered Soft Body Tissues

Back 29

Very Rare

Hint 29

This can only occur when freezing, amber, mummification
 
 

Front 30

Altered Soft Body Tissues

Back 30

Rare

Hint 30

Requires one of the following:
1) Obruption: Rapid Burial
2) Stagnation: Anoxia (no oxygen)
3) Rapid Mineralization: Carbonization or Pyritization

Front 31

Unaltered Hard Parts

Back 31

More Common

Hint 31

La Brea Tar Pits, Shark Teeth, Oyster Beds

Front 32

Altered Hard Parts

Back 32

Most Common

Hint 32

Recrystalization, Replacement, Permineralization

Front 33

Lagerstatten: “Fossil Bonanza”
(2-Types)

Back 33

1)Concentration Deposits:
--High Diversity or High Number of fossils, but not
necessarily the Greatest Preservation:
e.g. Bone Beds, Dinosaur National Monument, La Brea Tar Pits

Hint 33

Conservation Deposits
exquisite preservations

Front 34

Depositional Environments:

Back 34

-Larger Sediment/Grains requires Greater Energy
(NRG) to Transport

Hint 34

-Energy Decreases away from Source, therefore, Grain Sizes tends to decrease away from Source

Front 35

Sedimentary Structures

Back 35

Ripples
Cross-beds
Mud Cracks
Graded Bedding

Front 36

Depositional Environments:

Back 36

Good Environments= High Sedimentation & Low Energy
LAKES

Hint 36

Bad Environments= Low Sedimentation OR High Energy
 BEACHES

Front 37

Terrestrial:

Back 37

organism Live on Land

Front 38

Marine:

Back 38

live in the ocean

Front 39

Benthic:

Back 39

Marine animals that live in the ocean floor

Hint 39

Epifaunal / Infaunal:

Front 40

Pelagic:

Back 40

animals that Live in the Water Column

Front 41

Benthic: Epifaunal

Back 41

Live on top of the sea
floor

Front 42

Benthic: Infaunal:

Back 42

Live in the sediment
(burrowers)

Front 43

Epifaunal

Back 43

-Sessile: Live attached
to substrate

Hint 43

-Vagrant: Can move
around freely

Front 44

Pelagic Organisms: live in the water column

Back 44

Planktonic: Free
floaters

Hint 44

Nektonic: Capable of
Active Swimming
(Vagrant)

Front 45

Feeding Strategies:

Back 45

predation: active hunting

Hint 45

Grazers: Scrape algae and microbes from substrate

Front 46

Feeding Strategies:

Back 46

Filter/ Suspension Feeding: feed of water in water colum

Hint 46

deposit feeders: Feed of matter in sediment

Front 47

Biological Evolution Evolution:

Back 47

“Descent with Modification”

Hint 47

-Any system that experiences generational modification…

Front 48

Charles R. Darwin

Back 48

Domestic Variation
-Vestigial Organs
-Shared geography of
modern & fossil forms

Hint 48

NATURAL SELECTION

Front 49

Mendel’s Laws

Back 49

1)Law of Segregation

Hint 49

2)Law of Independent Assortment

Front 50

Mutation!!!

Back 50

Mutations introduce new CHARACTERS into the
GENE POOL.

Hint 50

most mutations are not favorable

Front 51

ADAPTATIONS

Back 51

are mutations that are favorable

Front 52

Genotype

Back 52

a genetic code

Front 53

phenotype

Back 53

the expressed trait, or CHARACTER,
"color eyes"

Front 54

Genetic Drift:

Back 54

a random shift of character concentrating in a population

Front 55

Gene Flow:

Back 55

transfer of character from mating between separate populations

Front 56

Natural selection

Back 56

certain characteristics improve Fitness reproductive success

Front 57

Genetic Drift:

Back 57

Operates on small populations

Front 58

Natural Selection:

Back 58

Peppered Moths in England

Front 59

Characters:

Back 59

Phenotypic Variation, different
observable traits within the population (between
individuals in the population)

Front 60

Binomial nomenclature

Back 60

All species get a single Latin Genus
and species name

Front 61

Species

Back 61

a group individuals capable of
interbreeding and producing VIABLE offspring

Front 62

Why is this a Problem for Paleontologists

Back 62

Can’t tell if extinct organisms
reproduced!!!

Front 63

Cladistics:

Back 63

Traces the evolutionary history, or PHYLOGENY, of
species by analyzing characters and grouping these
species in Clades

Front 64

Clade:

Back 64

groups of species descended from an ancestral species, that is ALL MEMBERS OF A CLADE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR… and a Clade includes the ancestor and ALL DESCENDENTS

Front 65

SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERS

Back 65

Are Evolutionary novelties shared with Derived or “Advanced”
Members of a clade. These are NOT shared with the ancestor of the clade.

Front 66

Homoplasy

Back 66

This is when two organisms contain similar characters that were independently derived, i.e. the characters did NOT come from a Common Ancestor.

Front 67

2 major aspects of cells (THE CELL THEORY):

Back 67

1)All living organisms are made of cells

Hint 67

2)All cells reproduce

Front 68

What do all cells need to live?

Back 68

ENERGY & CARBON BASED MOLECULES

Front 69

Autotrophs: fix their own carbon

Back 69

--Phototrophs:Use sunlight/photosynthesis

Hint 69

--Chemotrophs:Use chemicals reactions

Front 70

Heterotrophs:

Back 70

Cannot fix their own carbon
Must acquire it through ingestion, that is eat it.

Front 71

2 Cell types:

Back 71

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Front 72

Prokaryotic

Back 72

-simple cells
-no nucleus
-no organelles
-smaller
-

Front 73

Eukaryotic

Back 73

complex cells
-nucleus w/ DNA
-many organelles
-10 x’s larger

Front 74

Prokaryotes”

Back 74

1)Bacteria 2)Archaea 3)Eukarya

Front 75

Archaea

Back 75

-LIVE IN EXTREME
ENVIRONMENTS
-High Salinity Waters
-High Temperatures, e.g.
Hydrothermal Vents

Front 76

Bacteria

Back 76

LIVE EVERYWHERE ELSE
Either PHOTOTROPHIC (fix
Carbon and produce energy with
Sun Light, Photosynthesis
or
HETEROTROPHIC (gain Carbon
and NRG through ingestion, i.e.
Eating It

Front 77

Shallow water environments:

Back 77

mixed gases, water, and
lectric spark to produce
Amino Acids & Nucleotide
Bases… building blocks of
life

Front 78

Deep Water Environments:Deep Water Environments:

Back 78

-HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
(a.k.a. “Black Smokers”)
–produces many chemicals and
temperature gradient to facilitate complex chemical reactions

Front 79

Extraterrestrial

Back 79

Formed elsewhere and
was brought here via
meteorite

Front 80

Probably started with RNA

Back 80

Simpler than DNA, capable of self replication w/out protiens

Front 81

Why Earth?

Back 81

1) Earth in the Habitable zone
-Not too much/little electromagnetic radiation.
2)Planetary Mass retains atmosphere
3)Plate Tectonics
-Recycles Nutrients- Helps Maintain Stable Surface Temps

Hint 81

4)Liquid Water
-Good solvent for Carbon biochemistry
5) *Oxygen in Atmosphere*
-needed for complex multicellular life (came later; ~2.5 G.a.)

Front 82

The Precambrian:

Back 82

first 4 Billion Years of earth’s history (88.9% of Earth’s History)

Hint 82

Oldest Fossils (Oldest
Evidence of Life)

Front 83

Where did the oxygen
come from?

Back 83

photosynthesis

Front 84

Banded Iron Formations

Back 84

-Presence of Oxygen lead to
precipitation of Iron Oxides

Front 85

Does this mean photosynthesis didn’t evolve until
~2.5 Ga?

Back 85

No!

Front 86

Oldest evidence for
Eukaryotes

Back 86

= 1.9 Ga

Front 87

BIOMARKERS:

Back 87

Molecular Fossils
(steranes) found only in
Eukaryotic cells

Front 88

Body Fossils

Back 88

1.7-1.5 Ga

Front 89

Eukaryotes: "Cells within cells

Back 89

It is postulated that Eukaryotes would have evolved from predatory Prokaryotes, which may have engulfed other Prokaryotes that continued to live ENDOSYMBIOTICALLY with in the Host.

Front 90

Mitochondrion

Back 90

Produces ATP through cellular respiration, which is a useful energy source for some Eukaryotic Cell

Hint 90

-Has own DNA similar to that of other bacteria and produces proteins

Front 91

Chloroplasts

Back 91

Contains the green pigment
Chlorophyll, and are the
site of Photosynthesis in
Plants & some Protists

Hint 91

-Also has own DNA, similar to
that of bacteria and
produces proteins

Front 92

The Ediacaran

Back 92

-First definitive evidence of
Multicellular Life = First METAZOANS

Front 93

What’s a Metazoan?

Back 93

Metazoans r the Animals, which are defined as:
“Multicellular Heterotrophic Eukaryotes

Front 94

Three Animal Body Plans:

Back 94

Poriferans
Cnidarians
Bilaterians

Front 95

Poriferans

Back 95

No/Single Tissue, No Symmetry
(e.g. Sponges)

Hint 95

-Bodies supported by Spicules (Made of either Silica or Calicite)
Some have Calcitic Skeletons

Front 96

Cnidarians

Back 96

Two Tissues “Diploblastic”; Radial
Symmetry. (e.g. Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones)

Hint 96

-1 Endoderm:
-Inner Body Linning (in & out through 1 hole)
-2Ectoderm:
-Forms outer body lining Contains “stinging cells” called nematocysts Many are toxic

Front 97

Bilaterians

Back 97

Three Tissues; “Triploblastic”;
Bilateral Symmetry
1) Endoderm
2)Ectoderm:
3)MESODERM:

Front 98

1) Endoderm

Back 98

Inner Body Lining with a THROUGH GUT & Digestive tissues & Organs

Front 99

2)Ectoderm:

Back 99

Protective outer body lining (epidermis), central nervous system

Front 100

3)MESODERM:

Back 100

middle
tissue: derivatives include,
circulatory system,, &
**MUSCLES**

Front 101

Where do the Tissues
Come From?

Back 101

Gastrulation

Hint 101

germ layers

Front 102

The Ediacaran

Back 102

-First definitive evidence of
Multicellular Life = First METAZOANS

Front 103

What’s a Metazoan?

Back 103

Metazoans r the Animals, which are defined as:
“Multicellular Heterotrophic Eukaryotes

Front 104

Three Animal Body Plans:

Back 104

Poriferans
Cnidarians
Bilaterians

Front 105

Poriferans

Back 105

No/Single Tissue, No Symmetry
(e.g. Sponges)

Hint 105

-Bodies supported by Spicules (Made of either Silica or Calicite)
Some have Calcitic Skeletons

Front 106

Cnidarians

Back 106

Two Tissues “Diploblastic”; Radial
Symmetry. (e.g. Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones)

Hint 106

-1 Endoderm:
-Inner Body Linning (in & out through 1 hole)
-2Ectoderm:
-Forms outer body lining Contains “stinging cells” called nematocysts Many are toxic

Front 107

Bilaterians

Back 107

Three Tissues; “Triploblastic”;
Bilateral Symmetry
1) Endoderm
2)Ectoderm:
3)MESODERM:

Front 108

1) Endoderm

Back 108

Inner Body Lining with a THROUGH GUT & Digestive tissues & Organs

Front 109

2)Ectoderm:

Back 109

Protective outer body lining (epidermis), central nervous system

Front 110

3)MESODERM:

Back 110

middle
tissue: derivatives include,
circulatory system,, &
**MUSCLES**

Front 111

Where do the Tissues
Come From?

Back 111

Gastrulation

Hint 111

germ layers

Front 112

The Protostomes:

Back 112

mouth formed forst

Front 113

The Deuterostomes:

Back 113

anus formed first

Front 114

Regulatory Genes:

Back 114

Decided what piece should be built where and when