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42 Cards in this Set
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Anasazi
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The Anasazi exsisted around two thousand years ago and are believed to be the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. Their civilization took route in South West America ( Northern New Mexico, Southwest Colorado, Southern Utah, and Northern Arizona). They were a tribe that gave up the nomadic lifestyle and began cultivating corn squash and beans, learning to master the land they inhabited. They built the most sophisticated societies in North America and had a massive regional economy with extensive architecture and irrigational systems. They were constantly subject to drought, diseases (cholera) and malnutrition. (490 A.D.-1300 A.D.)
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Cahokia
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Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico—located on Mississippi River, next to St. Louis. A population of 20,000 people, they were the center of commerce, with clay, copper, and shells that they traded with all over America. They were the wealthiest, most advanced cosmopolitan, but terrible at managing their environment and misused their resources.
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iroquois
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: “The league of peace and power,” a massive political organization that dealt with French and English settlers. 10,000 member force that would eventually be destroyed. Consisted of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. (Circa 1650)Led lives of brutal wards for access to land and resources, with terrifying bloodshed.
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Christopher Colombus
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A Spaniard explorer that requested of Kind Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to go in search of power by building new colonies. Most interested in finding a new route to Asia by crossing the Atlantic. Set sail in 1492, and believed to be in Asia but was really in the Caribbean, discovering Native Americans. Returned to Spain with stories of indigenous people, spices, fertile land and gold ornaments the people wore- many exaggerations. He then was able to make a second voyage in 1493 with 1500 men.
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Aztec Empire
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Native speaking people who migrated from the Pacific NW and inhabited the area, which would become the capital of Mexico, Tenochtitlan. The people were refined workers, merchants, farmers and fishermen. Began reign in 1427 and burned to the ground in 1521. The Aztecs had a population of 200-300,000 people, and 25-40% of them died off because of the smallpox epidemic the Spaniards brought with them.
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Il requerimiento
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The Spanish declaration of sovereignty and war read to native Americans. Written by Juan Lopez de Palacios Rubios. It emerged over the colonization of the Americas and associated such actions as war, slavery, and war-crimes. Read on the battlefield to native people who often did not even speak Spanish. It demands allegiance to Rome and Madrid and provides justification of aggressive actions.
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Bartolome de Las Casa
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1484-1566 sixteenth century priest, was a strong critic of the Spanish Empire's brutal and exploitive treatment to Native Americans. Over his 82 yrs he made several trips to the New World during which he witnessed first hand violence and cruelty. A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE DEVASTATION OF THE INDIES best known written work.
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Pueblo Revolt 1680
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American Indians revolted against the Spaniards in New Mexico demanding tribute. They turned back to their old religion and gave up on Catholicism because of the diseases the Europeans were inducing upon the natives, and raving them, greatly decreasing their numbers. They then cast the Spanish out of New Mexico and had reasserted control--resistance.
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Samuel de Champlain
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Samuel de Champlain was a French colonist who settled in Canada and helped establish the French fur trade in North America during the 1600s. In 1608, Champlain founded Quebec and began trading with Indians in the area. He enjoyed success as a fur trader for three reasons. First, he sent traders to live among the Indians and learn their language and cultural practices. Second, he and other French settlers encouraged traders to marry Indian woman and build cultural bridges between the French and Indian worlds. Third, he provided Indians with military aid. In doing so, Champlain gained the trust of Indians and became a prosperous fur trader in North America in the seventeenth century. Champlain is significant because he sparked the development of New France and because he demonstrates that France practiced a model of colonization based on negotiation rather than conquest.
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Jesuits
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First arrived to Quebec in 1625, they were catholic missionaries, laying grounds for France’s new territory. A religious order founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola. The object of the society was to the propagation and strengthening of the Catholic faith.
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Roanoke
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Located in present day North Carolina. An enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584 to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony. Indians there were willing to share with the English, and they assumed that the natives would keep providing them with crops.
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John Rolfe
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Rolfe is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief Indian tribe in Jamestown.
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Pilgrims
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A religious congregation who had fled the political environment of England to preserve their religion. They arranged with the English to establish a new colony in North America, and did so in 1620 becoming the second successful English settlement.
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John Winthrop
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(1587-1649) led a group of Puritans to the New World, joined by the Massachusetts Bay Co. in 1629 and was elected governor, but was later voted out and re-elected a total of 12 times. Winthrop strove to establish a Christian community that held uniform doctrinal beliefs. He is famous for his “city upon a hill” sermon, which declared that the puritan colonists were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community.
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Roger Williams
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A notable proponent of religious toleration and seperation of church and state, and advocated fair dealings with the Native Americans. He received a charter, creating the colony of Rhode Island. Credited with originating first or second Baptist church, which soon after left , exclaiming “God is too large to be housed under one roof.” (1603-1683)
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Anne Hutchinson
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the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion group and a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands. She held bible meetings for women that grew appeal to men as well. She boldly claimed her own theological interpretations of minister sermons which offended colony leadership and led to a trial, banishing her from her colony. She is a key figure however in the development of religious freedom in England’s American colonies and the history of women in ministry.
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Metacom's War
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King Williams’s War (1689-1697) conflict between native American’s and English colonists and their native American allies. Said to have killed nearly 7 of every 8 native Americas and 6 of every 13 english settlers. One of the bloodiest and costliest wars in history of America.
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Triangular Trade
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trade between three ports or regions. Export a commodity, provided a mechanism for rectifying trade imbalances. Most famous was in the 18th century between West Africa, the West Indies and northern colonies in British N America. Africa was the middle passage, its cargo being abducted/purchased African Slaves.
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The Scramble
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the conflicting European claims to African territory during the new imperialism period between 1880 and 1914. The UK had the most valuable possession in Africa: the Nile. They were interested in maintaining secure communication with their other colonies.
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Middle Passage
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the forcible passage of African people from Africa to the new world as a part of the Atlantic Slave Trade. The branch of the transatlantic trade in which millions of Africans were imprisoned, enslaved, and removed from their homelands.
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Richard Frethorne
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he immigrated to Jamestown, Virginia as an enslaved servant. He sends a letter to his parents describing his miserable experiences as a servant and asks his parents to send him money or food to sustain himself in 1623.
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Olaudah Equiano
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(1745-1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved in the British debate for the abolition of the slave trade. Helped influence British lawmakers to abolish slave trade through Slave Trade Act of 1807. Enslaved at a young age but bought his freedom and worked as a seaman, merchant, and explorer.
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Virginia Slave Code
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1705 All servants imported into the country who were not Christians in their native country shall be slaves. All negro mulatto and Indians.
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Albany Plan of Union
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1754 colonists met in Albany, proposed by Benjamin Franklin—an attempt at forming a union that would unite English colonists with mainland England to assist in defending the New World during the 7 Year War. The plan was never effected, but eventually used to help write the Articles of Confederation.
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William Pitt
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British Politician in the early 19th century, youngest prime minister at age 24, of Great Britain. Came to be during George III and dominated during French revolution and Napoleonic Wards. Was opposed to strict partisan political system.
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Proclamation of 1763
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Issued Oct. 7 1763 by King George III following acquisition of French Territory in North America after the end of the Seven Years War. Purpose to establish Britain’s new N. American Empire and to stabilize relations with Native Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on Western frontier. Forbade colonists of the 13 states from settling/buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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Patrick Henry
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(1736-1799) prominent figure in American Revolution. “Give me liberty, or give me death!” speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, remembered as one of the most influential and radical advocates of the American Revolution and republicanism, especially his denunciations in government officials and his defense of historic rights.
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Sons of Liberty
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secret organization of American patriots which originated in the thirteen colonies during the American Revolution. Sons of Liberty were rebels, who attacked the symbol of British authority and power .
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Stamp Act
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1765, the fourth stamp act to be passed by the Parliament of Great Britian but the first attempt to impose such direct tax on its American colonies. Required all documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets and playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. Initiated in response to Britain’s national debt incurred during Seven Years War.
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Tea Act
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1773 Act that gave a monopoly on tea sales to the East India Company. In other words, American colonists could buy no tea unless it came from that company. The Tea Act lowered the price on this East India tea so much that it was way below tea from other suppliers. But the American colonists saw this law as yet another means of "taxation without representation" because it meant that they couldn't buy tea from anyone else (including other colonial merchants) without spending a lot more money. Their response was to refuse to unload the tea from the ships. This was the situation in Boston that led to the Boston Tea Party.
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Intolerable Acts
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A series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain’s colonies in N America. Sparked resistance and outrage in the 13 colonies and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution. The British government hoped these punitive measures would reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that begun with the Stamp Act.
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George III
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(1738-1820) King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, and thereafter the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom and much rest of Europe. His reign, defeated France in the Seven Years War becoming the dominant European Power in North America and India. Many colonies lost in American Revolutionary War, which led to establishment of United States.
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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Took place June 17, 1775 on Breed’s Hill as part of the Siege of Boston during the American Revolutionary War. General Putnam was in charge of forces. Result was victory for the British, however suffered greatly in men. Held on Breed’s Hill.
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Common Sense
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: A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, published in 1776 during the American Revolution. Presented colonists with an argument for independence from British rule at the time when the question of independence was still undecided.
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Declaration of Independence
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a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were no longer part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
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Battle of Saratoga
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1777 decisive American victories resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 9,000 men invading New York from Canada during the American Revolutionary War. It was two battles eighteen days apart: Battle of Freeman’s Farm, Sept. 9 and Battle of Bemis Heights on Oct. 7. Same ground, nine miles south of Saratoga, NY.
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Yorktown
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1781 a decisive victory by a combine assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces. Last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War as the surrender of Corwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.
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Articles of Confederation
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alliance of the thirteen independent and soverign states styled “united states of America.” Proposed in 1777, was completed in 1781, legally uniting the states by compact into the United States of America as a union with a confederation government. Under the Articles the states retained all sovereignty over all government functions not specifically deputed to the central government.
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Shay's Rebellion
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an armed uprising in Massachusetts from 1786-87. Led by Daniel Shays, known to be mostly poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay debts often let to imprisonment in debtor’s prisons or the claiming of property by the state. A militia raised as a private army defeated an attack on the federal Springfield Armory- caused reevaluation of Articles of Confederation.
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Molly Pitcher
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regarded as folklore rather than history, it is a nickname given to a girl who was in love with a man who may have fought in the war. A composite image inspired by the actions of a number of real women. Women who carried water to men on the battlefield during war—water used for swabbing cannons, not for drinking. Generally identified as Mary Lugwig Gays McCauley.
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Judith Sergeant Murray
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(1751-1820) an early American advocate for women’s rights, an essayist, playwright, poet, and letter writer. One of the first American proponents of the idea of the equality of the sexes—women like ment had the capability of intellectual accomplishment and should be able to achieve economic independence.
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Republican Motherhood
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the concept related to women’s roles as mothers in the emerging United States before and after the American Revolution (circa 1760-1800) centered around the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.
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