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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wilhelm Wundt |
He established the 1st psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He also came up with introspection |
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Introspection |
Giving detailed explanations of your own mental experiences |
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William James |
-1st American psychologist -He was a professor at Harvard which was the 1st school in the U.S. to offer psych classes -He wrote the first psychology book which took 12 years |
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Functionalism |
Purpose of our mental activities |
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Structuralism |
Studying the structure of the mind |
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Edward Titchener |
-He was a student of Wundt's -He graduated and cane to the U.S. -He became a psych professor at cornell -Came up with structuralism |
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G. Stanley Hall |
-Student of William James - opened the 1st psychology lab in the U.S. at John Hopkins -was also the 1st president of the APA |
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Sigmund Freud |
Australian doctor who came up with psychoanalysis; we should focus on the unconscious mind |
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Max Wertheimer |
German psychologist who discovered gestalt |
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Gestalt Psychology |
Says the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
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Counseling Psychology |
Second most common of psychologists (12%). They treat people who are having adjustment issues. Death in the family, divorce, moving. |
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Clinical Psychology |
Most common type of psychology (35%). They mainly treat people who have behavior or mental disorders |
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Psychiatry |
A medical doctor specialized in treating psychological problems |
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Biological Perspective |
Focus on biological basis of behavior and thinking |
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Humanistic perspective |
Belief that free will and choice play a big part in our behavior |
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Psychodynamic perspective |
Focus on unconscious complex and how they influence our behavior |
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Social cultural perspective |
How culture in social situations influence are thinking and behavior |
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Behavioral perspective |
Believe all behavior is learned. Also think it can be controlled through rewards and punishment |
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Evolutionary perspective |
Natural selection plays a big role in our behavior |
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Electic perspective |
A combination of different perspectives not just one affect our behavior |
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Experiment |
Where a researcher manipulates one variable to observe the effect on other variables |
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Hypothesis |
A prediction you can test about behavior based on observations |
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Independent variable |
The variable that's manipulated in an experiment and causes something else to happen |
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Dependent variable |
The variable measures during an experiment (the out come) |
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Experimental group |
Group that gets the treatment during an experiment |
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Control group |
Group that gets the placebo during an experiment |
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Double-blind study |
Experimenter and the subjects don't know who gets the treatment. Controlled by an outside group |
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Single blind study |
Only the Subjects don't know who gets the treatment |
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Operational definition |
A description of how variables are designed and measured in a study |
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Correlation |
The measure of the relationship between the two variables |
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Correlation coefficient |
Its coefficient is R which represents the strength and direction of the correlations. It ranges from +1 to -1 |
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Scatter plot |
A graph that represents the correlation between two variables |
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Case study |
An in-depth study of an individual. Its advantage is that it gives an extensive amount of info. Its disadvantages the cases are usually rare and you can't apply them to others. |
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Survey |
People are asked to respond to a series of questions about a certain topic. Advantage is it can be used with a large group of people. Disadvantage is it can be inaccurate due to response bias |
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Longitudinal method |
A study of a group of people over a long period of time. Advantage is getting good info over a long period of time. Disadvantage is it is very expensive |
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Cross-sectional method |
People of different age groups. Advantages they compare different groups at the same time. It's more efficient than longitudinal method. Disadvantage is it may be inaccurate |
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naturalistic method |
Study people in their normal everyday environment. Advantage is a real life situation. Disadvantage is there is no control |
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Hindsight bias |
The believe that you could have predicted an outcome after the outcome is known |
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Informed consent |
You have to be given a general overview about the research before you agreed to take part in |
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Debriefing |
All subjects must be given a detailed explanation about the study once it's complete |
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Replication |
When you repeat a study to try and obtain the same results |
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Random sample |
A sample fairly representing the population because each member has an equal chance of being included ( picking names out of a hat) |
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Random assignment |
Randomly assigning people to experimental group or control so each person has an equal chance |
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Overconfidence |
Tendency to overestimate our own abilities |
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Consciousness |
Awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Circadian rhythms |
Biological rhythms that occur every 24 hours. Example: the sleep wake cycle |
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Paradoxical sleep |
Where the brains the most active but your body is paralyzed |
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Narcolepsy |
People have uncontrollable sleep attacks. They are always tired because they don't go through every stage of sleep. Goes to REM sleep immediately when attacks occur. They usually occur when a person gets excited. Very rare |
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Sleep apnea |
People move around while they are asleep. The most common type is sleepwalking. Occurs between stages 3 & 4. In an altered state of consciousness and don't remember what happened |
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REM rebound |
When a person is deprived of REM sleep. They will spend longer in REM stage next sleep cycle |
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Sleep spindles |
Short bursts of brain waves only occurring in stage 2 of sleep |
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manifest content |
The story of a dream |
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Latent content |
The unconscious meaning of a dream |
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Activation synthesis theory |
Dreams are the brains way to make sense of the random electrical impulses that we have while sleeping |
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Information processing theory |
Dreams of the brain's attempt to process all the info and daily stresses of our everyday life. REM sleep is when the brain processes it. This is why babies and kids spend more time in REM stage |
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Hypnosis |
The social interaction between a therapist who makes suggestions and a subject who follows the suggestions |
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Social influence theory |
Powerful social factors can produce a state of hypnosis. People who day dream a lot and are into fantasy are more likely to act out the part of being hypnotized. Not consciously faking it |
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Ernest Hilgard |
Psychologist that was the leading expert on hypnosis in created divided consciousness theory |
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Dissociation |
Our consciousness splits in one part is unaware of the role of the other part |
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Hidden observer |
Part of our consciousness that monitors what's happening. The other part is following the suggestions of the hypnotist |
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Post hypnotic suggestions |
Suggestions carried out once this hypnosis session has ended |
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Near death experience |
Altered state of consciousness after a person's came close to death |
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Psychoactive drugs |
Chemical substance that alters mood, perceptions, or behavior |
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Tolerance |
When a person needs a large amount of a drug to get the same effect |
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Dependence |
A physical or psychological need to use a drug |
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Withdrawal |
Painful experience from stopping use of an addictive drug |
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Depressants |
Drug that reduces activity in the nervous system -alcohol is the most used used
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Stimulants |
Drugs that excite the nervous system and speed up body functions * cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine |
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Hallucinogens |
Drugs that change perception. Difference is they stay in the body for long periods of time * marijuana, ecstasy, LSD |
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Opiates |
Numb senses and relieve pain * morphine, heroin, codeine Legal uses to reduce pain |
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Learning |
A lasting change in behavior due to experience |
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Ivan Pavlov |
A Russian scientist who came up with classical conditioning |
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Classical conditioning |
When one learns to connect two different stimulus and anticipate events |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response ( dog food) |
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Unconditioned response |
And I learned response to an unconditioned stimulus ( dog salivating) |
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Neutral stimulus |
A stimulus that does not trigger a response ( ringing a bell) |
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conditioned stimulus |
Originally the neutral stimulus and then through learning games the power to trigger a conditioned response ( bell ringing linked with food) |
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Conditioned response |
Alarm response to a conditioned stimulus ( dog salivating because of bell) |
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Acquisition |
The process by which a conditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response |
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Extinction |
Diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus doesn't follow the conditioned stimulus |
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Spontaneous recovery |
The return of a conditioned response after time. When you bring it back its always weaker |
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Generalization |
When stimuli that are similar to the original stimuli cause the conditioned response |
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Discrimination |
The learned ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli |
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Edward Thorndike |
Psychologist who came up with law of effect |
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Law of effect |
His behavior with favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated and behavior with less favorable consequences are less likely to be repeated |
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BF Skinner |
Psychologist who came up with operant conditioning. Believed to psychology should only focus on observable behavior |
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Operant conditioning |
Learning which the frequency of behavior depends on the consequence that follows |
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Reinforcement |
Consequence that strengthens behavior |
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positive reinforcement |
Increases behavior by adding a positive stimulus |
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Negative reinforcement |
Increases behavior by removing negative stimulus or avoiding it before it occurs |
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Punishment |
A consequence that decreases the behavior it follows |
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Positive punishment |
Decreases behavior by adding a negative stimulus |
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Negative punishment |
Decreases behavior by removing a positive stimulus |
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Learned helplessness |
Hopelessness and animal or human learned when they are unable to avoid punishment |
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Premack principle |
The opportunity to engage in a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity |
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Shaping |
Where you reinforce successive stages of behavior until an entire behavior is learned |
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Fixed ratio schedule |
When reinforcement occurs after a predetermined number of responses |
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Variable ratio schedule |
When reinforcement occurs after unpredicted amount of responses |
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Fixed interval schedule |
When reinforcement occurs after a predetermined amount of time |
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Variable interval schedule |
When reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time |
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Wolfgang Kohler |
Psychologist who came up with insight learning. He used apps, suspending bananas in trees out of their reach. They just sat there until it hit them what to do |
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Insight learning |
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem |
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Edward Tolman |
Psychologist who came up with latent learning. Showed how a group of rats metacognitive Matt but didn't show it until given food |
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Latency learning |
Learning that occurs but is not a parent until the learner has incentive to demonstrate it |
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Albert Bandura |
Psychologist who came up with observational learning. Did Bobo doll experiment where four-year-olds carried out aggressive behavior that they previously learned from an adult |
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Observational learning |
Learning by observing others |
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Modeling |
Observing and then imitating specific behavior |
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John Watson |
Key founder of behaviorism |
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Little Albert |
Watson prove that he can condition and emotions and he chose fear. He conditioned a 9 month old to be afraid of white objects starting with a rat. He did this by every time Albert wanted to touch the red Watson use the metal bar and made a loud noise. His mom remember him before he could be deconditioned |
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Personality |
Individuals typical pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Psychoanalysis |
Atributes thinking and acting too unconscious motives and unresolved childhood conflicts |
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Free association |
Is a method for exploring the unconscious. Have a person relax and say what comes to their mind |
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ID |
Strives to satisfy our sexual and aggressive drives. Always demands immediate gratification |
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Superego |
Represents or standards of judgement. Always wants perfection |
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Ego |
The executive part of our personality mediating between the ID and the superego |
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Anti social personality disorder |
People who lack a conscious and have no concern for the rights of others |
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Anxiety |
Freud believes conflict between the ID and the superego is what causes anxiety |
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Defense mechanisms |
Methods of protection used to reduce anxiety. Ego comes up with this |
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Repression |
When we block thoughts out of our conscious awareness |
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Reaction formation |
When you express opposite of how you really feel |
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Projection |
Transferring your feelings on to other people |
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Rationalization |
When you come up with a positive results for an unwanted occurance |
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Displacement |
When you redirect your frustration towards a less frightening person or object |
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Sublimation |
When you rechannel your frustration and focus it on a new goal |
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Denial |
When you refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening |
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Regression |
You retreat from a situation to an early infant style stage in life |
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Big 5 |
Came up with by Paul Costa and Robert Merae. -Openness: willingness to try new experiences -Conscientiousness: well organized/motivated -Extraversion: sociable/talkative -Agreeableness: trusting/cooperative -Neuroticism: people who are insecure and moody |
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Julian Rotter |
Believed personal control had the most influence on personalality |
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Internal Locus of Control |
When a person accepts responsibility for their life. Believe they control their own fate |
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External Locus of Control |
People who believe luck or chance determine their life. Factors outside of their control |
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Unconditioned Positive Regard |
Attitude of total acceptance towards another person |
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Self Esteem |
A person's feelings of either high or low self-worth |
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Spotlight effect |
Where we overestimate people noticing and evaluating our appearance and performance |
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Self-concept |
Center of our personality and organized all our thoughts and feelings and actions |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
Questionnaires trying to learn more about your traits. The first one was mainly used to detect psychological disorders. The new version still does that but mainly used to wearing person's interests. It is the most used personality test. Criticism is false answers |
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Oedipus complex |
When boys develop sexual feelings for their mom and hatred / jealousy for their dads |
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Projective tests |
Personality test using ambiguous content to trigger a person's inner thoughts and feelings |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
Triggers a person's inner feelings by having them make up a story about an ambiguous picture. Advantage is good info about personality. Disadvantage is time consuming which makes it expensive and not always reliable |
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Rorschach inkblot test |
Most used projective test using a series of ten inkblots to trigger inner thoughts and feelings |
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Neo-Freudians |
Psychologist who believed in some of Freuds theory but disagreed with a certain part |
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Inferiority complex |
People are unable to cope with feelings of being inferior. They could improve it by focusing on their talents |
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Karen Horney |
Thought there should be more emphasis on how social experiences influence personality. She criticized for the cosmos series centered around males |
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Psychodynamic perspective |
stresses the importance of the unconscious and childhood experiences and how it influences development of personality |
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Charles Spearman |
Psychologist who came up with first theory of intelligence. He noticed people who excel in one area usually do in other areas |
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G Factor / general intelligence |
There's one underlying factor that determines intelligence |
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Howard Gardner |
Psychologist who came up with the second theory of intelligence. It was the multiple intelligence theory. The multiple intelligence theory had eight separate types of intelligences |
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Linguistic |
Ability to use language |
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Logical mathematical |
Ability to solve problems |
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Bodily-kinesthetic |
Ability to use body skillfully |
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Musical |
Ability to create music |
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Spatial |
Ability to judge the world accurately |
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Interpersonal |
Understanding other people and relationships |
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Intrapersonal |
Understanding self and emotions |
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Naturalistic |
Understanding environment and recognizing patterns |
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Robert Sternberg |
Psychologist who came up with the theory of intelligence. It's the most common accepted by psychologists today. It's the triarchic theory of intelligence |
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Triarchic theory of intelligence |
-Analytical intelligence - reasoning logical skills -Creative intelligence - creating new ideas and adapting to new situations -Practical intelligence - common sense kayle and being able to interact with others |
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Alfred Binet |
Along with Theodore Simon is the psychologist who came up with the first intelligence test. Came up with it because the government answer them to develop a test for kids in France who needed extra attention |
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Mental age |
Level of performance associated with a certain chronological age |
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Lewis Terman |
Psychologist who made the longest running study on prodigies which lasted 75 years. All prodigies had to have a minimum IQ of 140. He also made changes to the Bene Simon tests including IQ, one overall score |
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William stern |
Psychologist who came up with IQ to track prodigies |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
Iq equals mental age divided by chronological age times 100 |
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David Wechsler |
Came up with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS) because he believed you should get more than one score |
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WISC |
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children. For kids age 6 to 16 |
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Achievement test |
Test to assess what you've learned. AP or unit test |
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Aptitude test |
Used to predict future performance. The ACT or SAT |
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Standardization |
When you give a test to a large representative sample of people and you use their scores to set the standard so then when another group takes the test they compare the scores |
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Reliability |
Test must produce consistent results |
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Validity |
Test must measure what it's designed to measure |
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Intellectual disability |
When somebody has a limited mental ability and an IQ below 70 |
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Stereotype threat |
Self confirming confirm that you will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Minorities usually suffer from this causing them to get anxious and nervous so they act lower than their ability |
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Social psychology |
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people |
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Conformity |
When a person adjust their behavior or thinking to be more like the people around them or a specific group |
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Bystander effect |
Tendency for a person to be less likely to help if other people are present |
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Kitty Genovese |
28 year old. Left work one night at 3:15 a.m. when she arrived home a man chased her. He stabbed her and she screamed. People heard her but no one helped. He attacked her two more times after that. Stole $49 out of her wallet and left her for dead |
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Deindividuation |
The loss of innovations in personal responsibilities that a person may experience one part of a large group. They will do things in a large group that they would never do alone |
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Social inhibition |
When the presence of other people diminishes your performance on a task that you've mastered |
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Social facilitation |
When the presence of other people improve their performance on a task that you've mastered |
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Groupthink |
When a desire for group consensus overrides any alternatives |
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Self-serving bias |
When people take responsibility for their success but blame something else when it comes to their failures |
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Group polarization |
When a group's main beliefs grow stronger or more extreme over time. They all start with the same views |
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In group |
A group people you identify with and they feel like they belong |
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In group bias |
Where people favor members of their own group at the expense of members of an outgroup |
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Out group |
People we perceive as different or apart from our group |
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Foot in the door phenomenon |
When you make a small request so later you can make a large one |
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Cognitive dissonance |
People will act to reduce the discomfort that occurs when you have two or more conflicting thoughts. Usually change thinking not behavior |
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Altruism |
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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Mere exposure effect |
The more you are exposed to something the more you will come to like it. Advertisers use it the most |
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Aggression |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm another person |
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Normative social influence |
Most common type of Conformity. Occurs because people have a desire to be accepted or liked |
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Informative social influence |
Conformity that occurs because people want to be correct or right |
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Social loafing |
When a person puts less effort when working with groups |
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Stanley Milgram |
Social psychologist at Yale. His family was Jewish. Had many relatives killed by Nazis during Holocaust. Nuremberg trials: all Nazis gave reason "they were just following orders" |
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Milgram Experiment |
Purpose was to test power of authority to see if the average person would hurt a stranger because they were told to do so by an authority figure. They got paid 4.50 an hour. Selected 40 males. Use deception. Minimum 15 volts maximum 450 volts. All teachers went to 300 volts. 65% went to max. When asked why they gave the same answer as the Nazi leaders did during the Nuremberg trials |
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Prejudice |
An unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group or its members |
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Discrimination |
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
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Obedience |
When you follow the orders of someone you perceive as an authority figure |
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Self fulfilling prophecy |
When your expectations for another person cause you to behave in a way that make them come true |
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Scapegoat theory |
Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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Self disclosure |
Share personal info about yourself with another person |
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Superordinate goals |
Shared goals that are so large they acquire people to cooperate to reach them |
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Leon Festinger |
Social psychologist whose research focused on Stanford Prison Experiment and how the guards were able to do what they did. Came up with cognitive dissonance theory |
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Philip Zimbardo |
Came up with Stanford Prison Experiment. 24 individuals |
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Solomon Asch |
Social psychologist known for studies on conformity in the 50's used 120 male students. Divided groups up in the 7. The line match. First 5 gave wrong answers . 30% of the time The sixth person would give the wrong answer too. 70% gave wrong answer at least once |
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Muzafer sheriff |
One of the founders of social psychology Robbers cave experiment |
