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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fossil Apes
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End of oligocene into middle miocene (25-15 mya)
"Ape" - non-cercopithecoid catarrhine (non-bilophodont) Living hominoids lack derived features of cercopithecoids |
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Proconsuloids
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2123 df
Broad upper cental incisors, smaller lateral incisors Large, sexually dimorphic canines Molars with y-5 pattern Variable facial morphology Tall, narrow nasal opening (monkey-like) Orbits suggest diurnal Boney ear tube Range in body size Mostly arboreal quadrupeds |
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Proconsul
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Monkey-sized brain
Prognathic snout Bony ear tube Small-medium sized sinuses NO TAIL |
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Afropithecus
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Early-middle miocene from kenya
Prognathic snout Wide, procumbent incisors Big, tusk like canines and premolars Small brain Arboreal quadruped |
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Morotopithecus
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Capable of suspension
21 myo Thought to be ancestral to gibbons and orangs, but not Why important? Post crania suggests it was capable of suspensory behavior – up until discovery no evidence that apes in Miocene were behaving like extant apes using suspensory behavior, most likely related to nothing – not all apes from this time were arboreal quadrupeds Evidence for vertical compontant of locomotion? – bit of shoulder blade and lumbar vertebrae showing the area was short and femur suggesting verical climbing |
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Equatorius
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Kenya
Transition between arboreal and terrestrial Anatomical features indicate it could move up and down from trees |
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Otayipithecus
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Only ape from south Africa
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Primitive "apes"
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many behaving like monkeys - early apes were an explosion of a radiation but none seem to have left descendents
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Nyanzapithecids
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Turkanopithecus
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Multiple cusps on molars
Big premolars Broad inter-orbital region |
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Rukwapithecus fleglei
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Late oligocene (25 myo)
Could be the oldest of the stem hominoids |
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Dendropithecids
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Dendropithecus
Micropithecus |
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Dendropithecus
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Both sexes had dagger like canines: monogomous?
Crests on molars - folivore/frugivore Full skeleton: long, slender, spider-monkey like Mainly quadrupedal, but most suspensory of the early miocene apes NOT an ancestor of gibbon |
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Micropithecus
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smallest ape
small cheek teeth gibbon like brain large sinus large incisors and canines Known to not be a monkey because it has y-5 molars and NOT bilophodont |
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Dental Apes
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Proconsulids
Nyanzapithecids Dendropithecids |
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Middle Miocene (17-14 myo)
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Climate becomes drier and more seasonal
Major change in fossil record Proconsulids disappear and leave no descendents Cercopithecoid diversity increases Early hominoids emerge and adapt |
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Kenyapithecus
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14 myo
Seed eating terrestrial ape Jaw dated to 14 mya, big robust premolars, robust mandible, thick molar enamel – most likely eating hard seeds and nuts (think mangabey) Post crania indicates terrestriality – collected hard food from forest floor Top of humerus has projection that limits excursion (upward movement) New Kenyapithecus species found in TURKEY – the only taxon of fossil ape found in both Africa and Eurasia and provides an important datum for understanding the biogeorgraphy of primate dispersals between the two continents in the Miocene |
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Nakalipithecus
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10 myo from Kenya
Close to the last common ancestor of African apes and humans Morphology is similar to Oranopithecus Generalized |
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Chororapithecus
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10-15 myo, late Miocene, Ethiopia
Similar dentition to Gorillas |
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Decline of African apes
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Lots of primitive African apes between 26-18 myo, after 18myo large decline in species, explosion elsewhere at this time in Europe and Asia
Two groups: 1. True hominoids, 2. Pliopithecids |
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Miocene time period
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Oligocene Time Period
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Eurasian Pliopithecids
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Primitive catarrhines and apes
Primitive catarrhines have not yet evolved all the features to be true catarrhines |
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Pliopithecids
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Epipliopithecus
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Epipliopithecus
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Europe - 15myo-9myo
DImorphic canines, wide upper incisors Broad interorbital region Shallow jaw with broad ascending ramus High shearings crests - leaves No real brow ridges And a confusing ear region - intermediate between aegyptopithecus (not fully developed) and a true modern catarrhine - problem is species existed after the rise of ear tubes in saadanius Post crania - suspensory, no tail, climbing and reaching |
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Epipliopithecus cont.
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Primitive catarrhine? Doesn’t have a bony ear tube because it is not only not a fossil gibbon, it’s not even a full catarrhine
Fossil gibbon? Implies bony ear tube would have evolved twice in both cercopithecoids and hominoids It is a late surviving member of the early catarrhine radiation that preceded the divergence of OWM and apes. It would be place dright near the divergence of Aegyptopithecus and before Saadanius |
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Laccopithecus
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8 myo, latest surviving non-cercopithecoid catarrhine
Large orbits and short snout Dimorphic canines Similar to Epipliopithecus NO BULLA PRESERVED |
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What are the implications for the fossil record if Epipliopithecus was a fossil gibbon?
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Bony tube would have had to evolve twice in cats and apes, so to get around it we put it in an extinct late-surviving radiation before saadanius
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Pasalar, Turkey
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Fossil late Miocene site
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Griphopithecus
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Oldest Eurasian fossil ape - long temporal span of 15-11 myo
Thick molar enamel - hard seeds and nuts Post crania (ulna) indicates terrestrial movement Probably a stem hominoid |
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Stem Hominoids
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Kenyapithecus (Turkey)
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Dated 14.9 - 13.5 myo
Slightly older than Griphpopithecus NOT AN APE Linear enamel hypoplasia - defect in developing teeth showing stress from food source |
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Dryopithecus
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Best known hominoid from Europe and Asia
Looks like an ape Good brow ridges, big maxillary sinus, frugivorous molars, thin enamel Wildly successful and numerous but no descendents Most likely an arboreal quadruped |
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Pierolapithecus
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15 myo near Barcelona Spain
Has been argued to be at the base of the Great-Ape Clade - odd bc not in Africa Ape like palate, wide interorbital region, large canines, slight facial prognathism, very thick molar enamel Ape-like thorax and wrists = climbing and suspensory motion |
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HIspanopithecus
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Looks like a great ape
Teeth of a fruit eater Short lumbar region High IMI and elongated forelimb = suspensory behavior Long curved phalanges |
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Oreopithecus
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9-7 myo
Squashed flat fossil High shearing crests Extra molar cusps Most likely folivorous COmplete bony ear tube Suspensory climbing Ancestral to nothing |
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Ouranopithecus
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10-9 myo
Very thick enamel Broad nose, big brow ridges, wide interorbital region Taxonomically similar to Nakalipithecus (kenya) Significantly younger than Kenyapithecus but now we have something outside of Africa that we can tie in with something inside of Africa |
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Ouranopithecus cont.
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Critical taxon for understanding the relationshop between the Miocene apes of Europe and the origin of African great apes and humans.
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Ouranopithecus (convergence or relationship debate)
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Hypothesis 1: Nakalipithecus (Af) and Ouranopithecus (Eu) look similar bc they are related. A migratory event back into Af from Eu, and African apes are descended from a Eu ancestor - requires migratory event
Hypothesis 2: The taxa look alike due to convergence (are are not closely related). Nakalipithecus is primitive enough and old enough to be the ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans - does not require migratory event Because it is from Kenya, there is no need for a migratory event from Eu to AF. African apes and humans are descended from an African ancestor. (lacks features related to suspension and knuckle-walking that are present in extant apes) |
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Sivapithecus
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12-9 myo, Northern INdia, Pakistan, Nepal
Ape like jaws and teeth, y-5 molars, thick mandible, etc Cant be a direct ancestor to Orangs because post crania indicates quadrupedal locomotion |
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What do extant apes do to reach patchily distributed fruit? (assoc. with Sivapithecus)
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They travel long distances more efficeiently using brachiation or terrestrial travel
The morphology of Siva suggests that it was a large bodied frugivore that would have been susceptible to periods of fruit shortage – why? Sivapithecus ihabits seasonal rainforests -> drying period and much of rainforest replaced by grasslands -> fruit becomes increasingly scarce and patchy -> siva limited morphologically (terrestrial locomotion)-> siva goes extinct |
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Gigantopithecus
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6.3 myo - 125 tyo
Largest primate ever Not sure what it ate - too big for fruit Killed by homo erectus |
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Khoratpithecus
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9-7 myo
Seems to be the ancestor of Orangutans Jaws and teeth very similar Orangs and relatives once a wide radiation |
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Yuanmoupithecus
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~9myo, China
Teeth are similar to gibbons I a fossil gibbon - indicating gibbons have been in SEA for at least 9 my |
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Fossil Record of chimps
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2 teeth
500,000 years old from Kenya |
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Summaries
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The classical hypothesis of hominoid diversification and dispersion is that the group originated in Africa about 20 MY ago and then evolved mainly on that continent. Europe and Asia were populated by successive migration events from Africa. In this hypothesis, the main center of hominoid diversification is Africa. In the alternative hypothesis, hominoids originated in Africa and evolved locally for a few million years. They then populated Asia and became extinct in Africa. -Ex. ProconsulidsThe main evolution took place is Asia, after which Europe was populated by Asian groups through several migration events.Africa was repopulated from Asia. In this hypothesis, the main center of hominoid diversification is Asia. – Ex. Kenyapithecus
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