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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was the founder of Jainism?
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Vardhamana Mahavira (599 BCE-527 BCE) 79 years old
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Where did Vardhamana Mahavira lay amongst the 63 Tirthankaras?
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He was 24th.
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What were Tirthankaras known as?
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"Ford makers" or Jinas, "conquerers"
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What is a Srivatsa?
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lozenge shape mark on the chest
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Who was Rishabhanatha?
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First Tirthankara of unknown date
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Who was the Parsvanatha?
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23rd Tirthankara, died in late 8th century BCE, Serpent canopy on head
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Who was Neminath?
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22nd Tirthankara, conch symbol
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When and what two groups were Jainism divided into?
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#rd or 4th Century BCE, Digambaras, Svetambaras
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Describe the Digambaras
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(naked, "sky-clad") Ways to achieve Moksha-renunciation and mortification of body
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What is Moksha?
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"release"
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Describe the Svetambaras
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(White-robed) very large following, women admitted but not allowed to go naked
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What is the goal of life in Jainism?
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Complete perfection and purification of the soul
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What is the concept of time in Jainism?
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Time is "eternal" and understood as a wheel, consisting of 12 spokes or aras ("ages"), 6 up and 6 downwards
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Define Jiva
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"soul" or "living" substance - genderless and formless, immortal and indestructible, residing in every living entity, no matter how small
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Define Ajiva
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"non-soul" or "inanimate substance" - respect for both living and non-living things - all believed to possess soul
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Define Karma
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All natural phenomena is linked together in cause and effect, leading to a cycle of birth and death - passions such as greed and hatred cause the soul to suffer by being subjected to repeated rebirths
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Define Nirjara
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process in which one can acheieve freedom from passions within one's life, process = fasting, abstaining from certain foods and sex, staying in solitude, mortification of body, renunciation of ego, meditation and expiation for sins
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Define Moksha/Nirvana
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State of Liberation that breaks the chain of rebirth
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Define ascetic
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Highest ideal of Moksha/Nirvana, homeless, possessionless, and passionless wanderer
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Define the Three Jain Jewels (Ratnatraya)
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1. Right Knowledge 2. Right Faith 3. Right Conduct
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Define Ahimsa
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(non-violence, non-injury) code of morals
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What are the five sacred events?
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1.Conception 2.Birth 3.Renunciation 4.Enlightenment 5.Death (final emancipation)
each connected with important Jain festival |
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Define Paryusana
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Most popular festival for confessions of past year
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Define Mount Abu
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one of the most sacred places of the Jains, pilgrimage
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Define Purvas
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14 original texts, now lost
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What are the five vows of the Jain monks?
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1.Not to harm living creatures 2.Speak only the truth 3.Accept only that is given free 4.Celibacy
5.Remain possessionless and emotionally unattached |
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How did art serve Jainism?
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Art served as religious function, expressed in stone, metal, and wood, NOT clay or ivory
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What other art forms are similar to Jain art?
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Hindu and Buddhist art
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Who are Tejahpala and Vastupala?
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patrons of art, two brothers and ministers in Gujarat, erected white marble temples on Mount Abu in Rajasthan
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What are the three phases of Jain art?
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1.2nd century BCE-3rd century ACE = images not clearly differentiated 2. 4th-8th century ACE = inclusion of new deities, elaborate sculpture, wider acceptance of female divinities 3. 1000 to 1300 AD = codification and elaboration, regarded as golden age for Jain temple architecture, abodes of deities
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Who are the three main couples that represent the spirit of sexual love?
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Siva and Parvati, Radha and Krishna, Lakshmi and Vishnu
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Define Linga.
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Symbolizes male principal - Shiva
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Define Yoni.
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Symbolizes female nature - Parvati
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What is the Sakti paralleled by?
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The Yoni, female organ or creative force
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How does the Lingam stand?
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It stands on its own with or without a base
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What is the lingam-yoni symbol called?
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Kundi : Yoni with drain for water and flowers, Lingas washed with water, oil, perfumes
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Define Prema.
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love
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Define Kama.
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Sexual love
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Define Mithuna.
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Sexual union - love making)
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How is the Eka-mukha Linga represented?
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one face of Siva
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How is the Chatur-mukha Linda represented?
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Four faces of Siva, four elements
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How is the panch-mukha represented?
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Five faces of Siva
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What are some other forms of Linga?
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Linga as axis of the universe, snake or naga, "double-sexed Divine", touching Yoni "for luck" in temples
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Define Shinto.
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Guiding belief if the people, no founder, no sacred scriptures, and no fixed dogmas
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Define Kami.
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Mystical, divine power of deities and gods
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When was the Korean Shinto first introduced?
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Between 4th and 7th centuries CE
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What rites were celebrated seasonally when Korean Shinto was first introduced?
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Agricultural rites
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What were the places of agricultural rites considered and who were they connected to?
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"kaki-nature", connected with local rulers
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What was the Leader of the Yamoto region recognized as?
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Sun-goddess
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What was the unified Japanese nation centered on?
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Yamoto, Shinto ceremonies and festivals were inseparable from ordinary affairs
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Why were the shrines of Shinto enlarged in 1868?
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In order to become primary agencies for celebrating and supporting the major interests of the national life
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When was Shinto banned and how was it reorganized later in time?
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Banned after World War II, reorganized without political association as Shrine Shinto
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What influenced the successive inroads of Shinto into the Japanese life?
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Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
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What are the three types of Shinto?
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Folk Shinto (no formal organization structure or doctrine), Sect Shinto, Shrine Shinto
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Who was Amaterasu and what did she give to her grandson?
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Sun goddess, first empres of Japan who unified the people, gave her grandson three sacred treasures - mirror, sword, and jewels (symbols of imperial household)
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Who is the inner Shrine of Shinto in Tokyo dedicated to?
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Amaterasu
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What is the core of Shinto belief?
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1. The creating and harmonizing power and truthful way (will) of Kami 2. Kami is the source of life and existence, responds to truthful prayers, and guides them to live according to makoto
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Define makoto.
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Truth manifests itself in empirical existence and undergoes transformation in infinite varieties in time and space, link exists between humans and Kami
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Define makoto no koro.
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"heart of truth", meaning sincerity, pure heart and uprightness
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