Bsu Microbiology Midterm 2 Review

Front 1

Why is milk from the grocery store pasteurized instead of autoclaved?

Back 1

Pasteurization kills pathogens without destroying the milk

Front 2

What would you use to disinfect surfaces in your house?

Back 2

Phenols

Hint 2

Ethylene oxide, lypholization, phenols, ozone, or irradiation

Front 3

How does washing your hands with regular soap prevent microbial growth?

Back 3

The soap helps you mechanically remove microbes from your hands

Front 4

How do mutations lead to antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria?

Back 4

Random DNA mutations allow some bacteria to grow in the presence of an antibiotic

Front 5

How does a microbe know which amino acids to link together?

Back 5

By translating the sequence of a messenger RNA

Front 6

Building a new strand of DNA out of dNTPs occurs during which process?

Back 6

Replication

Hint 6

Physically building it from the old copy

Front 7

A silent mutation in a microbe's DNA would change what?

Back 7

Both the DNA and RNA

Front 8

What is a segment of DNA that provides instruction to make a protein or RNA molecule called?

Back 8

A gene

Front 9

In an Ames test, after you exposed bacteria to a chemical, how can you tell if the chemical is a mutagen?

Back 9

You count how many bacteria regain the ability to produce histidine

Front 10

Imagine that you make a plasmid that will give a crop resistance to an herbicide. How would you introduce the plasmid into the Agrobacterium bacteria used to transfer DNA to the plant?

Back 10

Bacterial transformation

Front 11

In a phylogenetic tree with the bottom branch, Lizards, the second up, Crocodile, the third, Dinosaur, and the top, Bird, what can be concluded?

Back 11

Dinosaurs and birds shared a common ancestor more recently than dinosaurs and lizards

Front 12

Why would you use anti-serum to identify a pathogenic microbe?

Back 12

To distinguish different strains of bacteria

Front 13

In order to diabetic patients to have high-quality and affordable insulin, how can we obtain insulin from bacteria?

Back 13

Put a plasmid with the human insulin gene into E. coli and then purify the protein

Front 14

What is an example of a symptom of a disease?

Back 14

Extreme tiredness

Front 15

What could be a fomite?

Back 15

A computer keyboard

Hint 15

Nonliving object capable of carrying infectious organisms

Front 16

On MacConkey agar, bacteria that ferment lactose are pink and those that cannot are white. What type of media is this an example of?

Back 16

Differential media

Front 17

How does bacterial transformation differ from conjugation?

Back 17

Transformation does not require physical contact between two bacteria

Front 18

What are the three domains of life?

Back 18

Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

Front 19

Any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to humans is called a ___

Back 19

vector

Front 20

What does the ID50 value of a microbe tell you?

Back 20

The number of microbes that will cause someone to get sick

Front 21

A sudden increase in the number of cases of giardiasis after 200 children swam in a contaminated pool would be considered what?

Back 21

An outbreak

Hint 21

Pandemic, endemic, sporadic disease, outbreak, emerging infectious disease

Front 22

What would be the effect of a bacterium obtaining a plasmid that increased its basic reproduction number (R0)?

Back 22

More people would be infected from a single case of infection

Front 23

Why do infections with gram negative bacteria lead to fever and aches?

Back 23

The release of endotoxins stimulates our immune system

Front 24

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

Back 24

Droplet transmission

Hint 24

Think about a racking TB cough

Front 25

Which virulence factor contributes to Staphylococcus aureus being more pathogenic than other species in this genus?

Back 25

Coagulase allows the bacteria to hide in blood clots

Hint 25

How does it defend itself from the body's immune system?

Front 26

Living on human skin requires bacteria to tolerate what condition?

Back 26

High salt

Front 27

What medical advise would you give to someone with latent tuberculosis?

Back 27

Consider antibiotic treatment to kill the bacteria inside them

Front 28

How are cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis treated?

Back 28

Second-line antibiotics

Hint 28

If the first round doesn't work, what do you have to resort to?

Front 29

Why does Chlamydia trachomatis need to form elementary bodies?

Back 29

To infect a host cell

Front 30

Accumulating many mutations in which component would prevent N. gonorrhoeae from invading human cells?

Back 30

Fimbriae

Front 31

Which portal of entry leads to staphylococcal food poisoning?

Back 31

Mucous membranes

Hint 31

How does it get into our bodies?

Front 32

Why has the number of cases of typhoid fever in the US declined substantially in the last 100 years?

Back 32

Proper sewage disposal and water treatment have stopped the spread of the bacterium

Front 33

Why aren't people with salmonellosis given antibiotics?

Back 33

The infection is usually short-lived and does not spread

Hint 33

Is it serious enough?

Front 34

What is an important side effect of the use of antimicrobial drugs that has resulted in an increase in Clostridium difficile gastrointestinal infections in hospitals?

Back 34

Disruption of normal microbiota

Front 35

What is an example of intoxication?

Back 35

Botulism