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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Keltner, Oatley, Jenkins: analysis of three different social motives
Attachment, Affiliation, Assertion

Attachment: release from distress, escaping negative emotion

Affiliation: joy, affection, etc. sharing positive things

Assertion/power/competition: not focused on because it has little to do with infancy, research isn't there yet
Why gratitude is important for cooperative social living
gratitude is a powerful determinant of whether or not we engage in pro-social behavior

- Gratitude is major in cooperative living:

it tells us who is generous and who is not,

motivates affection and altruistic behavior

- Gratitude holds people in spirit of common goals and morality in emotion:

Tells us in the group what is and what is not acceptable,

shows us who cooperates and who does not.
Why gratitude is important for cooperative social living STUDY
Mccullough, Emmons et al. 2001

Participants helped confederate to fix a computer problem

-bring the recipient of the help led to: gratitude, and more helpful of others
Why sharing resources among friends might be problematic for evolutionary theory
If someone isn't related to you, why would you share with them?

- if you help anothers chance of survival, you hurt yours
- might even make resources scarcer for your family
Comparison between anger and contempt as seemingly similar emotions
Anger: something is unjust --> express it --> maybe it gets fixed externally

Contempt: you're beneath me --> the situation doesn't matter --> your existence is the problem

Anger: problem is the situation, Contempt: problem is the person
Cross cultural similarities and differences in triggers of various emotions in the U.S. and India
India: people are angered by events that would not make americans angry such as:

- child cuts hair off after death of father
- upper caste comes into contact with lower caste
Cross cultural similarities and differences in triggers of various emotions in the U.S. and India STUDY (powerlessness/external negative event)
Roseman et. al 1995

Comparison of appraisals for people in America or India

Powerlessness elicits sadness and fear but not anger

external negative event causes anger but not sadness or fear
Emotion Congruence vs. feelings as information (EMOTIONAL CONGRUENCE)
Memories of emotional experiences are parts of associative networks that portray memories as nodes or links

Emotional Tags: what you experience during an event becomes and marks that memory

Having the same emotion as the emotional tag helps you remember that memory

--> later research did not support so Forga's affect Infusion Model was developed
Emotion Congruence vs. feelings as information (FORGA'S AFFECT INFUSION MODEL)
Current emotions color cognitive judgements

- this happens during complex integration of aspects of memory

- doesn't happen with simple memories
Emotion Congruence vs. feelings as information (forga's affect infusion model lead into FEELINGS AS INFORMATION)
emotions are heauristics, to be used when using logic is to draining or difficult

This stops when you become aware of what is effecting your emotional response

EG: I notice the sky is cloudy and I feel gloomy today, it must be the clouds, suddenly I feel better

When the issue is easy to solve: we use alghorithms
Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions by Barbara Frederickson (POSITIVE EMOTIONS)
Positive emotions: broaden and build over cognitive and social skills as well as mental resources
Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions by Barbara Frederickson (INTELLECTUAL/PHSYICAL)
Intellectual aspect of broaden and build: positive emotion helps with problem solving and gaining new information

Physical aspect of broaden and build theory helps with coordination, and health/strength
Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions by Barbara Frederickson (SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESOURCES)
Social aspect of broaden and build leads into the creation of new bonds with others and the creation of new bonds with others

Psychological aspects of broaden and build leads to more optimistic views as well as a better understanding your identity and goals in life
The emotion Stroop test (NOT PTSD)
Neutral or emotional words shown

Try to see if people slowed down in identifying colors for emotionally significant words


RESULTS:
Rape victims: had slowed down responses to rape words, those who coped showed less issues


CONCLUSIONS
-Those who have experienced trauma are in a particular state in which their brain is readily focused on threats related to trauma
What Waagenaar learned by keeping a record of daily events in life
Events that involved:

Salience: less frequent noticeable events

Emotional Involvement: emotional reactions to events

Pleasantness: event is enjoyable
Emotions and Reactions to persuasion attempts/ how it works in commercials
Positive mood: easier to persuade

Neutral or negative mood: analytical persuasion only, you have to have a good argument

commercials prime us with humor to get us to buy their product
Greene's studies of the "Trolley Dilemma"
Runaway trolley

Impersonal aspect: flip a switch to kill 1 to save 5

personal aspect: push 1 person to save 5

People judge whether it's moral or not: People feel the personal aspect is immoral, likely because it involves more emotion
Effects of fear on attention
Fear leads to a greater attention to it's cause, making it more likely you will remember the event.

anxiety helps in small amounts, but in large amounts it hinders performance
Dutton and Aaron's 1974 study of romantic attraction
Someone on rocky swaying bridge, someone on firm steady bridge.

Other side of the bridge there is a man or woman with a ambiguous picture, a questionnaire, and their phone number

Results: those on rocky bridge called back girl, and saw ambiguous imagery as sexual

People confused their anxiety for arousal
Findings concerning eyewitness memory for a real crime
Those personally connected remember more than those not connected

emotionally salient material was remembered better than bland material

Conclusion: amygdala and hippocampus involved in emotion and memory, meaning the brain is built to remember emotional experiences
How emotions such as anger effect perception and judgement (gun study, movie theater study)
STUDY 1:

participants identify neutral object or a gun

-anger lead to misidentification of neutral object as gun

STUDY 2

People coming out of movie theaters saw a variety of movies.

-when asked about politics, the future, or crime, their responses were colored by the movie
The relative placement in the brain of emotions (limbic system) and executive control area that regulates the brain
Limbic system: plaeomammalian and midbrain that deal with emotion

Executive: Neomammalian/prefrontal cortex
Concept and nature of emotional intelligence
Four different skills

- Physical cues: accurately perceive others emotions through careful reading of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and gestures

- understanding own emotions

- using feelings to make decisions

- regulating emotion
Ultimatum game
Person one offers to share money and person two either accepts or denies this

accepted money: shares are distributed
declined money: no one gets anything

Effects:

- rejectable offers cause the heart rate to slow down

- unfair offers cause aggression, benzos decrease this

- unfair offers aggressive response is prompted by disgust, not anger

CONCLUSION: emotions affect our perceptions of what we deserve.