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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the two premises of behavioural genetics?

- 1. To extent that genetics is in important. Genotypic similarity = phenotypic similarity.




2. To extent environment is important. Environment = phenotypic.




*basically saying nature over nurture**




Basically, either your genotypes (nature)or your environment (nurture) affect your phenotype.

Describe what the family studies showed?

The family study looked at corrletions between individuals and close relativies. Also looked at inviduals and more distant relatiives.


- This study showed a corrletation higher in closer relatives.



What was the problem with the family study?

Families may share or differ in environment.



What was the adoption study?

- look at correltaiont between adopted child and adotptive family (environment), then look at at correlation between adopted child and biological family (genotype).




- Not entirly sure which correlation is higher. bc the prof is a ******* idiot.



What was the twin study?

Look at correlation between the MZ twins. (ferttinial) and DZ twins (different egg).




- The MZ twins show stronger correlations. Implaies importance of genetics.



What is the adoption twim study?

- compare correlation between twins reared apart, and correlation between twiwns reared together.





What is heritablility ?

- evidence of proportion of variance on a trait within indivduals in a given population that creates genetic differences (contributes to them).




- varriation due to genetics.


- need variation to see heritability.


- High heritability : Genetics. Variants was due to gentics


- Low heritability : This is envrionmetnal factors, veriants is due environmental factors.

What are the four limitations

1. Hetability does not inform about percent contributions to individuals. Just to variance in a group. It talks about the group, not invidiual variations. Talks about a group in an population.




2. Only applies to particular group at particular time, and paticular place. ex: Height in rich pop VS country with low income. This shows that pops that aren't malnutrieious so hight heriatability is higher (environemantl differences).




3. High Heritability does not imply immunability. (cannot be changed).


- mistake is giving up when chancea are high/


- PKU is a disease that can be mainpulated by the environment.


Things can be altered. You can do something about it even if it is genetic. Another ex: education outcomes




4. Low heritability does not imply genes aren't important.


- varriations can be due to environment.


- ex: Someone might not have 10 toes because of an accident, so maybe they only have 9 now.

Waht are the different kinds of environemntal effects?

There can be shared environmental effects: Shared environment effects create similarties in fams. ( from sharing same family, even if adopted) - things that make you similar; education, SES.




Non-Shared Environmental effects: Make family members differ. (Make family members differ) ex: peers, age of parents.






What are the two main points of faculativtive, adaptations and learning?

1. Theories have evolved/adnate properties allow for learning and development.




2. Theories of learning allow for learning to depend on evolved properties.

What is adaption?

- basically there is an issure in history, and we develop traits that deal with this issues.

What is olbigate adaptations?

- Sugar tastes sweet regardless of environment.

What is a facultative adaptions?

- adaptions that respond developmentally to specific environmental conditions and stimuli.


ex: suntans, and calluses.





What are the two kinds of learning mechanics?

- Experience-dependant


- depend onstimuli/expereicnes unique to inviduals.


- they aren't times.




- ex: Learning national anthem, rules of chess.




Experience- Expectant.


- depends on stimuli, or experience that happen, reliable encountered specices- typical envirmonet. (Arugable evolved innate)


- Learning to see.


- Development of visual system, and cirtical snesitive period.


- ex: ppl born with cateracts.


- regions take over other part of the brain.



- What is the Rihesus monkey, and the other psychological experiments?

- this is a psychology example.


- Raised in labs, blank slates.


- could get food by reaching point, past target.


Results: Pre test equal for both, post test only showed fear to snake.


- prepared learning innate fear learning.




Follow up: Test living vs non-living. Showed the monkeys these. And they were scared of the aligator, less scared of the rabbit.


People: Shown touch screen matrix of (8 pictures of flower and snake)


- want to tap flower fast as you can. People find snakes faster.




Infants: showed them hippo and snake videos. Two conditions, showed a scary sound track and a happy soundtrack. They looked at the snake longer when it had the scary sound track, and when the happy sound track came on the looking time was the exact same for the hippo and the snake.

What is prepared Learning?

- learning tat occurs more readily than expected by pure association.

What is naive Realism?

- you are in direct contact without reality the view your senses give you objective facts.



What is instinct blindness?

- preform complex operations instinctivly/easy.


- when you have an ability and don't know how it works. ex: depth perception.

Prenatal Perception: Explain what we know about taste and smell

They prefer sweeter things.


- they have dislikes also. (To bitterness, and ionidated poppy seed oil)


perfer the smell of own amnitic fluid.

What the **** is the carrot juice experiment?

- gain preference in utero.


- infants that had the carrot jucide in urtero liked it more out of the womb than people who were not exposed.

What is prenatal audition?

- habituation of heart deceleration.


- Look at heart rate. slows down when it is habitutated. Evidence of aditory perception in womb without relsease of habituatiom.




Babi/Biba/ experiment. The heart of the baby in utero declerated until it was hbaituated. Then would change a syably and the heart rate would raise. Showing disahibutaiton.

What is exposure learning?

- exposure to a stimuli (without reward) modifies behaviour.




Poem experiment: Mom recited a poem three times a day for 4 weeks, from the weeks 33-37. Then later after 4 weeks, (very close end of preggo) greater heart rate delceleration than for novel poem.


- poem study showed the exact opposite of what we expected with habitation. The fact you're getting different shows you that the fetus remembered something.




-In summary, read by the mother in the womb,


after 4 weeks of reciting the poem (someone else not the mother) there was greater heart desletarion. Shows the baby is interested. They recongized the poem.


- shows that the baby is hearing and rememebring in utero.



What is the neghiour experiment?

- made prego moms watch the neighours show that had a distinct theme song, and it showed that when the babies were born it would react to the song. It became more alter and stilled. Compared to babies who didn't hear this song in utero they did not respond the same way.




- showed discimination. Not preference. Just a reaction. Does not show if they like it.

What is the cat and the hat pacfier experiment?

They hooked up the pacafier to a machine that will show them the intensity of the sucking. It shows the activity, when there is acvitiy it's called brusts. When there is a relaxtion part it's called interburst invternal.




- we can modify behaviour of kid by providing a reward. If they reach threshold of interburst interval.


- intense intensity to get reward.




- when the kid was in the womb the mother read the cat in the hat poem over and over again, and when baby was born they hooked the baby up to this pacifier machine that showed the intensivty of the sucking, and played the story again/




-they got the baseline of the intervals and then they learned that if they suck harder they get to hear the poem.


Mainpoint: you're rewarding the infant with channging the brust interval.




-this shows learning. Showed the child prefered the poem.

Does the child prefer the mother womb voice or normal voice?

They prefer the womb voice.



What does all of this prenatal stuff imply?

- Fetal education.


- shows that they learn stuff in the womb.


people can't really remember whats going in the womb tho.



What is Korsakoff's amnesia and how is it involved in Korean Melodies?

- Korsakoffs amnesia: often occurs in server alcholics. They drink so much they forget to eat, they can cause them to starve and then cause brain damage. They don't have a memeory. But they can have a epsiodic memory. They can remember things from their childhood. But cannot form new memories.




- They played korean music to them, that they have never heard before. They would play this song once, and then play it again later. And then they would ask " Have you heard this song before?" How much do you like it?" They will always say, they have never heard this song before, but the first time they hear the song they will say that they don't like it, but the more they hear it, the higher rating they give how much they like it. So they shows they don't remember hearing the song, so this shows that they have some sort of memeory present.

Is depth preception present at birth?

No. Developes overtime. Newborns cannot focus. They are stuck at seeing 20cm.



Can infants see constrast sensitivity?

Not really, it's very poor. Not very developed when they are born. The new born might not be able to tell the difference between the shading on the pictures provided on the slide.

Do newborns categorize colours?

- yes. They will ex: see two shades of blue and we know they are 2 shades of blue. We cateogize them as shades of blue. So asides from just looking at the discrimination, we can also see if the infants categorize colours.

what is the categorical perception of colour?

- when you look at a green and yellow wave length, our eyes can tell the difference on going up to ten.


- we changed these categories, we saw yellow. But when we went down 10, we saw green to another green. Did not change categorie.s