Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
marriage
|
the custom, rules, and obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between adults and children , and between the kin groups of the married partners; primary control of social access; socially approved union between 2 people; 1.) unites 2 families; 2.) establishes the rights of children; 3.) has expectation of sexual exclusivity; 4.) expectation of permanence
|
|
|
incest taboo
|
a prohibition on sexual relations between relatives
|
|
|
exogamy
|
a rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group; expected marriage outside a specific group of people; extends resources between groups; H+G; horticulturalists; simple division of labor; lack of surplus; social security through relationships
|
|
|
endogamy
|
a rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular group; expected marriage within a specific group of people; preserves resources within group; complex division of labor; intensive agriculture and industrial societies; race, religion, class; egypt, peru, hawaii, india, amish
|
|
|
cross-cousin marriage
|
marriage between the children of a parent's siblings of the opposite sex (mother's brothers, father's sisters); the child of the opposite sex sibling of one's parent; Yanomamo culture; mother's brother's kids; father's sister's kids; MBD, MBS, FZD, FZS
|
|
|
parallel-cousin marriage
|
marriage between the children of a parent's same-sex siblings (mother's sisters, father's brothers); the child of the same sex sibling of one's parent; father's brother's kids; mother's sister's kids; MZD, MZS, FBD, FBS
|
|
|
levirate
|
the custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother; a man is expected to marry his dead brother's wife; a women is expected to marry her dead sister's husband
|
|
|
sororate
|
the custom whereby, when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife; a man is expect to marry his dead wife's sister; a woman is expected to marry her dead husband's brother
|
|
|
monogamy
|
a rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time; 2 people in a marriage
|
|
|
polygamy
|
a rule allowing more than one spouse at a time; at least 3 people in a marriage; most cultures practice; economy of scale; benefit; cheaper/easier with more people
|
|
|
polygyny
|
a rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time; benefits: man-prestige, respect; 1st wife-respect, authority, stable resources; 2nd wife-stable resources
|
|
|
polyandry
|
a rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time; a woman marries at least 2 men, rare; tibet, nepal, india
|
|
|
arranged marriage
|
the process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouses
|
|
|
bride service
|
the cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage; work that a groom does for the bride's family; where females bring subsistence but low material culture; where bride price exists
|
|
|
bride price/bridewealth
|
goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage; something given by the groom's family to the bride's family at a marriage; where female bring in subsistence; horticultural societies; Ju/'hoansi of the kalahari desert in africa; kipsigis (pastoralists/horticulturalists) of east africa
|
|
|
dowry
|
presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the family of the groom or to the couple; something given by bride's family to groom's family at a marriage, where women depend on men for subsistence; plow agricultural society; female infanticide
|
|
|
nuclear family
|
a family organized around the conjugal tie (the relationship between husband and wife) and consisting of a husband, a wife, and their children; neolocality; conjugal ties
|
|
|
conjugal tie
|
the relationship between a husband and wife formed by marriage; nuclear family
|
|
|
extended family
|
family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations; patrilocality, matrilocality, ambilocality, avunculocality; consanguineal
|
|
|
consanguineal
|
related by blood; extended family
|
|
|
neolocal residence
|
system under which a couple established an independent household after marriage
|
|
|
matrilocal residence
|
system under which a husband lives with his wife's family after marriage
|
|
|
avunculocal residence
|
system under which a married couples lives with the husband's mother's brother
|
|
|
bilocal residence
|
system under which a married couple has the choice of living with the husband's or the wife's family
|
|
|
surrogate motherhood
|
a variety of reproductive technologies in which a woman helps a couple to have a child by acting as a biological surrogate, carrying an embryo to term
|
|
|
composite (compound) families
|
an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse
|
|
|
kinship
|
a culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage; essential institution of culture; a system of rights and obligations based on categories of relatedness through blood and marriage; categories (provide social security) and algorithm (female or male, nuclear or extended); most important regulators of behavior
|
|
|
kinship system
|
the totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society; terminology in kinship categories
|
|
|
inheritance
|
the transfer of property between generations
|
|
|
succession
|
the transfer of office or social position between generations
|
|
|
descent
|
the culturally established affiliation between a child and one of both parents; relationship based on parent-child links
|
|
|
descent group
|
a group of kin who are descendants of a common ancestor, extending beyond two generations
|
|
|
unilineal descent
|
a rule of specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal line or the paternal line, but not both
|
|
|
corporate descent groups
|
permanent kinship groups that have an existence beyond the individuals who are members at any given time
|
|
|
lineage
|
a group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor; descent group where members can trace links of descent to a known common ancestor; determines property and marriage
|
|
|
patrilineage
|
a lineage formed by descent in the male line
|
|
|
matrilineage
|
a linage formed by descent in the female line
|
|
|
clan
|
a unilineal kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives; descent group where the members believe they are descendant from common ancestor but cannot trace the links; organize warfare
|
|
|
patrilineal descent
|
a rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only; descent is figured through father's line only; F-S; nuer, east african pastoral people
|
|
|
matrilineal descent
|
a rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only; descent is figured through mother's line only; B-Z; the hopi, a puebloan group in the american southwest
|
|
|
double descent
|
the tracing of descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links, each of which is used for different purposes; descent is figured through both mother's and father's lines, but for different reasons on each side; clear possession of land; land/religious through one side respectively; ex: sex in the fields and religious blessing of earth; the yako of nigeria
|
|
|
nonunilineal (cognatic) descent
|
any system of descent in which both father's and mother's lineages have equal claim to the individual
|
|
|
bilateral descent
|
system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with the mother's and their father's descent group; descent is figured through both sides of the family equally; no clearly defined lineage
|
|
|
kindred
|
a unique kin network made up of all the people related to a specific individual in a bilateral kinship system
|
|
|
kinship terminology
|
the words used to identify different categories of kin in a particular culture
|
|
|
ambilineal descent
|
a form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the father's or mother's descent group; a person chooses to affiliate with either mother's or father's lineage, whatever group makes them rich; equalizes population and resources over time
|
|
|
collateral kin
|
kin descended from a common ancestor but not in a direct ascendant or descendant line, such as siblings and cousins
|
|
|
affinal
|
relatives by marriage; in-laws
|
|
|
bifurcation
|
a principle of classifying kin under which different kinship terms are used for the mother's and father's side of the family; sex of linking relative; same sex siblings are considered the same; opposite sex siblings are opposite; cross-cousin marriage
|
|
|
ego
|
the person from whose perspective a kinship chart is viewed
|
|
|
hijra
|
an alternative 3rd gender role in india conceptualized as neither man nor woman
|
|
|
gender role
|
the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor
|
|
|
xanith
|
an alternative gender role in oman on the saudi arabian peninsula
|
|
|
two-spirit/berache
|
an alternative 3rd gender role among native north american indians; high status, spiritual role, in between spiritual and physical worlds
|
|
|
sex
|
the biological different between male and female
|
|
|
gender
|
a cultural construction that makes biological and physical difference into socially meaningful categories; cultural expectations of behavior based on sex
|
|
|
cultural construction of gender
|
the idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
|
|
|
gender ideology
|
the totality of ideas about sex, gender, the natures of men and women, including their sexuality, and the relations between the genders
|
|
|
rite of passage
|
a ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another
|
|
|
manhood puzzle
|
the question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
|
|
|
menarche
|
a woman's first menstration
|
|
|
gender stratification
|
the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differently valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society
|
|
|
private/public dichotomy
|
a gender system in which a women's status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with public, prestigious economic and political roles
|
|
|
patriarchy
|
a male-dominated society in which all important public and private power is held by men
|
|
|
matriarchy
|
a female-dominated society in which women hold all important public and private power
|
|
|
political organization
|
the patterned ways in which power is legitimately used in a society to regulate behavior, maintain social order, make collective decisions, and deal with social disorder
|
|
|
power
|
the ability to impose one's will on others; the ability to get someone else to do your will
|
|
|
authority
|
the ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, respect, or the holding of formal public office
|
|
|
political ideology
|
the shared beliefs and values that legitimize the distribution and use the power in a particular society
|
|
|
political process
|
the ways in which individuals and groups use power to achieve public goals; rebellion; revolution; african and arab riots in france
|
|
|
factions
|
informal alliances within well-defined political units such as lineages, villages, or organizations
|
|
|
rebellion
|
the attempt of a group within society to force a redistribution of resources and power; the attempt of a group within society to force a redistribution of resources and power; riots of african and arabs in france
|
|
|
revolution
|
an attempt to overthrow the existing political structure and put another type of political structure in its place
|
|
|
deviants
|
those who transgress society's rules
|
|
|
gossip
|
a generally negative and morally laden verbal exchange taking place in a private setting concerning the conduct of absent third parties
|
|
|
law
|
a means of social control and dispute management through the systematic application of force by a politically constituted authority
|
|
|
social complexity
|
the number of groups and their interrelationships in society
|
|
|
leadership
|
the ability to direct an enterprise or action
|
|
|
social differentiation
|
the relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige; egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies
|
|
|
egalitarian society
|
a society in which no individual or group has more privileged access to resources, wealth, power, and prestige than any other; everyone has the same basic access to resources, power, and prestige; simple division of labor; H+G; horticulturalists; reciprocity
|
|
|
rank society
|
a society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige by no important restrictions on access to basic resources
|
|
|
stratified society
|
a society characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources; groups have differential access to resources, power, and prestige; surplus of food; complex division of labor
|
|
|
elites
|
the social strata that has differential access to all culturally valued resources, whether power, wealth, or prestige, and possessively protects its control over these things
|
|
|
tribe
|
a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor;horticulturalists; balanced reciprocity; unilineal kin groups; acephalous; 2 or more communities with something integrating them politically; warfare alliance; Yanomamo; egalitarian; simple division of labor; family group land tenure; 100-200
|
|
|
age set
|
a group of people of similar age and sex who move through some or all of life's stages together; a group of people who go through the age grades together
|
|
|
age grades
|
specialized association, based on age, that stratify a society by seniority; a category of age through which all people pass
|
|
|
secret societies
|
west african societies whose membership is secret or whose rituals are known only to society members. their most significant function is the initiation of boys and girls into adulthood
|
|
|
bigman
|
a self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office; a headman who gains his authority as an agent of redistribution; some tribes; animal domestication; potlatch
|
|
|
compensation
|
a payment demanded by an aggrieved party to compensate for damage
|
|
|
mediation
|
a form of managing disputes that uses the offices of a third party to achieve voluntary agreement between the disputing parties
|
|
|
warfare (war)
|
a formally organized and culturally recognized pattern of collective violence directed toward other societies, or between segments within a larger society; patrilineality; yanomamo
|
|
|
chiefdom
|
a society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the chief; kinship ties; 2 or more communities with power integrated in the office of chief; chief can never use force; intensive agriculture; land tenure by individual ownership; redistribution; complex division of labor; stratified society; 500+
|
|
|
acephalous
|
lacking a government head of chief
|
|
|
state
|
a hierarchical, centralized form of political organization in which a central government has a legal monopoly over the use of force;industrialism; a large complex society where the government has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force; regulates weights and measures; land tenure by individual ownership; market exchange; complex division of labor; 5000+
|
|
|
citizenship
|
those people invested by the state with right and duties, based on criteria such as residence or other group affiliations
|
|
|
government
|
an interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization, such as kinship, in exercising control over a population
|
|
|
bureaucracy
|
administrative hierarchy characterized by specialization of function and fixed rules
|
|
|
hegemony
|
the (usually elite) construction of ideologies, beliefs, and values that attempt to justify the stratification system in a state society
|
|
|
nation-state
|
a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience; horticulture or pastoralism; redistribution/balanced reciprocity sometimes used.
|
|
|
ethnic groups
|
categories of people who see themselves as sharing an ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups of the larger society
|
|
|
ethnic identity
|
the sense of self a person experiences as a member of an ethnic group
|
|
|
ethnic boundaries
|
the perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others
|
|
|
indigenous peoples
|
small-scale societies designated as bands, tribes, or chiefdoms that occupied their land prior to european contact
|
|
|
social stratification
|
a social hierarchy resulting from the relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society; pastoralists, horticulturalists; egalitarian; reciprocity and redistribution; unilineal kin groups; acephalous; functionalism v. conflict theory
|
|
|
functionalism (functionalist perspective)
|
the anthropological theory that specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of a society or serve the needs of its people; against conflict theory
|
|
|
conflict theory
|
a perspective on social stratification that focuses on economic inequality as a source of conflict and change; against functionalism
|
|
|
wealth
|
the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources
|
|
|
prestige
|
social honor or respect
|
|
|
achieved status
|
a social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own; acquired status; simple division of labor
|
|
|
ascribed status
|
a social position into which a person is born; status one is born with; complex division of labor; sex of linking relative; same sex siblings are considered the same; opposite sex siblings are opposite; cross-cousin marriage
|
|
|
class
|
a category of people who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked relative to other categories
|
|
|
class system
|
a form of social stratification in which the different strata form a continuum and social mobility is possible
|
|
|
social mobility
|
movement from one social stratum to another
|
|
|
life chances
|
the opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society
|
|
|
race
|
a culturally constructed category based on perceived physical differences
|
|
|
apartheid
|
the south african system of multiple exclusive racial groups - black, white, colors, and asian - that were formally recognized, segregated, treated differently in law and life, and occupied different and almost exclusive statuses within the society
|
|
|
assimilation
|
the process by which immigrants abandon their cultural distinctiveness and become mainstream americans
|
|
|
multiculturalism
|
the view that cultural diversity is a positive value and makes an important contribution to contemporary societies
|
|
|
caste system/closed class system
|
social stratification based on birth or ascribed status in which social mobility between castes is not possible; social class into which one is born and must remain for one's life; 1.) marriage, 2.) occupation regulated; mobility is not possible between the classes; ascribed status
|
|
|
control of sexual access
|
administrative hierarchy characterized by specialization of function and fixed rules
|
|
|
intersexual
|
a person who is not clearly biologically male or female
|
|
|
third gender
|
a culture allows 1 or both sexes to choose a set of gender behavior
|
|
|
sexual socialization
|
learning about sexuality; 1.) sexual attractiveness (based on biological/physical difference between males and females; 2.) sexual performance (frequency, positions, motions)
|
|
|
margaret mead
|
the type of sexual socialization of a society determines adult's temperament; 1.) sexually permissive society, 2.) sexually restrictive society; can you ask/joke/experiment about sexuality?; new guinea: arapesh, mundugamor, tchambuli
|
|
|
sexually permissive society
|
society that encourages sexuality in children and adolescence more peaceful; polynesians of mangaia
|
|
|
sexually restrictive society
|
society that discourages sexuality in children and adolescence; more violent; irish of inis beag
|
|
|
ritual homosexuality
|
all males must engage in male+male sexual contact in order to be considered men; sambia men of new guinea
|
|
|
post-partum sex taboo
|
prohibition against sex between couple after childbirth; 2-4 years; H+G societies
|
|
|
insect taboo
|
in every culture; prohibition against sex with close relatives; emotional, not rational; forcing one to seek mate outside the nuclear family to increase resources for the child
|
|
|
virginity
|
condition of not having had sexual relations; valued where women depend on men for subsistence; plow agriculture society; economic, not religious
|
|
|
serial monogamy
|
a person divorces and remarries; one can get out a a bad situation
|
|
|
sororal polygyny
|
a man marries at least 2 sisters; to reduce friction in household (emic and etic)
|
|
|
fraternal polyandry
|
a woman marries at least 2 brothers; Himalayas; plow agricultural society; more resources/prosperity for the household; trade; allows group marriage
|
|
|
group marriage
|
at least 2 men marry at least 2 women
|
|
|
matrilateral
|
on the mother's side
|
|
|
patrilateral
|
on the father's side
|
|
|
marriage exchange
|
something given between families at a marriage
|
|
|
bride exchange
|
groups exchange daughters in marriage, primarily for warfare alliance
|
|
|
bride exchange/bride price/bride service
|
compensate for loss of a female
|
|
|
residence pattern
|
where a newly-wed couple lives; where couple will be most successful
|
|
|
patrilocality
|
couple lives with husband's father; where property is passed down from father to son; plow agricultural society and horticulturalists
|
|
|
matrilocality
|
couple lives with the wife's mother; property is passed down from mothers to daughters by family group
|
|
|
ambilocality
|
couple lives with either spouse's family; horticulturalist society; find which family works best
|
|
|
avunculocality
|
couple lives with husband's mother's brother (HMB); property is passed from mother's to daughters by family group, but males exert strong control; Trobriand Islanders trade magic spells
|
|
|
neolocality
|
couple moves to a new place away from both spouse's families; where mobility is necessary for subsistence; H+G and industrial societies
|
|
|
household
|
who lives together; commonsality (eating together); basic economic and social unit in a society
|
|
|
fictive kin
|
giving a kin category to someone not related by blood or marriage; ranked; endogamous groups
|
|
|
totem
|
ancestor, plant, or natural feature especially connected with a group of people; usually the creator of a clan; initiation rights; make sure they procreate
|
|
|
Masai women
|
pastoralists in east africa, wealth of man = size of herd + women dependents; 1st ethnographic film for TV; cliterectomy at menarche; belong to warriors before cliterectomy; no value of virginity; do not like hunting/hunters; polygyny; partilocal household
|
|
|
eskimo
|
divides basic kin on basis of sex, generation, and nuclear family (American/English)
|
|
|
hawaiian
|
divides basic kin on basis of sex and generation only; allocating responsibilities; large group working on field
|
|
|
iroquois
|
divides basic kin on basis of sex, generation, and bifurcation (yanomamo); sex of linking relative; same sex siblings are considered the same; opposite sex siblings are opposite; cross-cousin marriage
|
|
|
crow
|
divides basic kin on basis of sex, generation, bifurcation, and matrilineality; everyone in matrilineage is off limits through mother's and father's side; alliances between families at 3 lineages
|
|
|
omaha
|
mirror image of crow; divides basic kin on basis of sex, generation, bifurcation, and patrilineality
|
|
|
sudanese
|
each kin relationship has its own category; MBS, MBZ, FBS, FBZ, etc.
|
|
|
voluntary association
|
an association based on voluntary membership; ex: club/church; large urban societies; predict behavior
|
|
|
status
|
a relative social position
|
|
|
socioeconomic class
|
group of people with greater or less income and behavior
|
|
|
open class system
|
mobility is possible between the classes; 1.) marriage, 2.) occupation; achieved status
|
|
|
ritual pollution
|
lowering of status through contact of something of a lower status
|
|
|
ritual separation
|
whenever you have a caste; symbolic separation; ex: metal plates in Indian restaurants
|
|
|
Na
|
in southwest china; society that does not have a notion for marriage, fidelity, permanence, or responsibility for children
|
|
|
foraging society
|
women collect food and have more autonomy and power; egalitarian societies; tiwi of australia; ju'/hoansi of the kalahari desert in mabibia; agta of the philippines; tlingit of the northwest american coast; iroquois
|
|
|
classification of kin
|
1. generation; 2. relative age; 3. lineality; 4. gender; 5. consanguineal vs. affinal; 6. sex of linking relatives; 7. bifurcation
|
|
|
frida kahlo
|
mexican femanist painter
|
|
|
horticultural societies
|
women have less autonomy and power; north america; southeat asia; yanomamo; new guinea; mundurucu of south america; consanguineal ties between generations are more important
|
|
|
pastoral/agricultural society
|
male dominated; women's status depends on herding with cultivation, history, cultural ideas; islam; tuareg of sahara are an exception (pastoralist martilineal society)
|
|
|
band
|
a small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage; general reciprocity; egalitarian; have no formal leadership; inuit; world eskimo-indian olympic games; small autonomous unit; under its own power/authority; H+G; Pygmys; Baka; simple division of labor; land tenure by use; 20-80
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
like a nation; social construction; perceived differences by which groups or people distinguish themselves and are distinguished from others in the same social environment; bedrock of natural ties; interaction and relationships
|
|
|
racial stratification
|
differential access by races to resources, power, and prestige
|
|
|
biological race
|
an interbreeding population
|
|
|
taboo words
|
words that are not meant to be said; incest, sodomy
|
|
|
sodomy
|
any unnatural sexual act
|
|
|
politics
|
how power is organized or exercised
|
|
|
segmentary lineage system
|
system of alliances between minimal and maximum lineages; complex egalitarian societies; Sudan
|
|
|
sodality
|
any non-kin grouping in society; ex: age set, voluntary/non voluntary association; forms a political system
|
|
|
military association
|
military sodality; ex: crow indians
|
|
|
types of political organization
|
the highest level and which power is organized; band, tribe, chiefdom, state; simpler to more complex; smaller to larger population; less to more centralization of power
|
|
|
leader
|
a person with power
|
|
|
chief
|
person who occupies office of chief; can never use force
|
|
|
office holder
|
an individual whose authority comes from their office (position); stratified society; chiefdom; state
|
|
|
headman
|
informal leader; egalitarian societies; band; tribe; prestige through age or skill
|
|
|
patrilocal residence
|
system under which a bride lives with her husband's family after marriage
|
|
|
mahu
|
an alternative gender role in tahiti
|
|
|
social race
|
categorization of people based on perceived physical differences
|
|
|
dirt
|
matter out of place
|
