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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two schools of thought in Buddhism?
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Hinayana and Mahayana
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What does the Hinayana school focus on and why?
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"Lesser Vehicle"
Hinayana focuses on achieving saintly life. Worship is of symbols and relics, never original Buddha = conservative nature, thought Buddha was a god, did not replicate his image |
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What does the Mahayana school focus on and what was it influenced from?
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"Greater Vehicle"
Focuses on achieving complete knowledge and enlightenment. Worship image of Buddha and believes in Bodhisattva. It was influenced by Hinduism which led to birth of Tantrism called Tantric Buddhism |
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What is the Bodhisattva?
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someone destined for enlightenment that helps to bring others to the same status
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What are jatakas?
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Stories of Buddhas past birth/lives
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Define Ushnisha.
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Growth on Buddha's head
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Define Urna.
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Halo around Buddha's head. Also known as Nimbus.
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Define viharas.
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Monasteries
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Define stupas.
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mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, decorated with scenes of Buddha's life and jatakas
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Define Mudras.
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poses or attitudes
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Who is Ganesha an incarnation of?
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Vishnu
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Who are Ganesha's parents?
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Eldest son of Shiva and Parvati
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What is the story of Ganesha's elephant head?
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When he was born, all the gods came to congratulate his parents. Ganesha was too beautiful and one of their guests Sani severed his head from his body. Vishnu could not find the head so he cut off a baby elephants head and attached it to Ganesha's body. To please Parvati, Brahma decided that Ganesha would be worshipped first of all gods.
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How did Ganesha lose one of his tusks?
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In a fight with his father's favorite disciple
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What do the elephant and the rat symbolize in the first century ACE?
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Elephant = prudence, wisdom, wealth, and prosperity
Rat = perseverance |
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What are Ganesha attributes?
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God of good luck, god of wealth, abounding compassion, imperishable
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What is Ganesha's weakness?
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Gluttony
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How is Ganesha worshipped?
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Images are set on doorways, first offerings are made to Ganesha and pujas (worship services), Invoked before all business, money lending, travel, literary work, receiving education
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What may be offered to Ganesha when entering a temple?
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Water, yellow flowers, sweet meats, perfumes or garments
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According to the Ganpati Upanishad, how would one be blessed by worshiping Ganesha?
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Never be impeded by difficulties, liberated from great and minor sins, acquire riches, acquire objects or objectives of one's desires, acquire virtue
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How is Ganesha depicted?
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Large belly, elephant head with trunk (one tusk only), trunk taking sweets from pot, lots of jewelry, Vehicle is rat/mouse, body has 3 twists/bends (tribanga pose), 4 or 8 arms
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What does Ganesha hold and wear?
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Rosary, trident, battle axe, butter, bowl of sweets, lasso/noose. Wears a scarf (yellow or red ochre) He is also seen holding a lotus in my depictions
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Krishna is worshipped as god of what?
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love and devotion
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What does Krishna's name mean?
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the one who attracts and draws - (females)
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Krishna is believed to preserve and destroy what?
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preserve all goodness and destroy all evil
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Who is Krishna an incarnation of?
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Vishnu
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Who was Krishna created by and why?
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Vishnu created him in order to kill the demon Kaliya. When he grows up he kills the naga.
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Who is also known as a "butter stealer"?
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Krishna
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What are the main attributes of Krishna?
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Blue/grayish skin, jewelry, his flute, dancer
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Who was Krishna's "consort"?
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Radha
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When and where would Radha meet Krishna and what did she become a symbol of?
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She would meet him at night in the forest and became a symbol of love and devotion
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Does Radha's skin match the dark skin of Krishna?
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No, her skin is white
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How is Radha displayed in sculpture and paintings?
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In sculpture she is never shown with Krishna but is almost always seen with Krishna in paintings
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What was Lakshmi known as in Vedic times?
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Goddess "Sri"
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How was Lakshmi born?
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She rose out of the ocean like Venus, but it was a milk-ocean
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Lakshmi was born as a result of what and who did she marry?
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Born as a result of Prajapati and marries Vishnu
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Prior to circa 400 AD, who was Lakshmi a consort/sakti of?
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Brahma
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What does Sri suggest in the Vedic Hymns?
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power, ruling power, skills and majesty of kings
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What are Lakshmi's external qualities and what is she prayed to for?
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Beauty, glory, and high rank. riches, prosperity, and abundance
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Lakshmi is believed to bestow on worshippers...
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gold, cattle, horses and food
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What are the ten qualities that the gods covet of Lakshmi?
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Food, royal power, universal sovereignty, noble rank, power, holy luster, kingdom, fortune, bounteousness, and beauty
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How is Lakshmi represented?
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She has four arms and holds a lotus, shell, discus and a club. She is also associated with "soma" and Indra
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Who is Lakshmi's son?
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Kamadeva, god of love
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What is Lakshmi seated on?
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Lotus
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What animal is always associated with Lakshmi?
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Two elephants called "Gaja-Lakshmi", they shower her with water on her left and right which represent fertile rains, this also symbols authority
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What god's powers were restored due to Sri-Lakshmi?
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Indra
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In later Hinduism Lakshmi represents what?
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A model Hindu wife, loyal and submissive, exemplifies the orderliness of human society and human relations and embodies divine compassion
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What is Lakshmi's role in the school of Pancaratra?
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She plays a central role in the creation and evolution of universe as sakti of Vishnu
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What is Lakshmi's role in the school of Sri Vaisnava?
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She is an intermediary between a sinful devotee and Vishnu
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What is the festival of Lakshmi called?
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Dipavali, popularly known as Diwali
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When is Diwali celebrated and why?
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Celebrated in late fall in month of Kartik (oct-nov). It celebrated for - protection against demon "bali", grant of wealth and prosperity, increase of fertility and abundant crops, good fortune in coming year and preventing loss of one's wife or husband
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What are some other aspects of the festival of Diwali?
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Sacrifice of goats and sheep, every house lights a lamp or candle (guard crops from demons), and families sit up all night to watch rice filled basket encircled with garland of flowers and wait for Lakshmi to visit
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What does Parvati's name mean?
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"She who dwells on the mountain", "she who is of the mountain"
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Parvati is the consort of and who is she a re-incarnation of?
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Shiva's consort and re-incarnation of Sati, Shiva's first wife
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Parvati is also know as...
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Devi, Mahadevi (Great Goddess), Gauri "golden one"
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What are some of Parvati's main attributes?
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Beautiful woman, 2 arms, third eye
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Who are Parvati's children?
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Ganesha and Kartikeya
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How did Parvati win the Shiva's hand in marriage?
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She performed austerities such as sitting through fire, wearing nothing through winter or fall and won him with the help of Kamadeva
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When does Parvati first appear in history?
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400 BCE - 400 ACE
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How are the four most common forms of Shiva categorized?
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"black" or fierce, cruel natured forms, and "white" or mild or benevolent forms
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Which forms represent "white" forms?
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Uma and Parvati: Mild manifestions regarded as faithful, charitable, knowledgeable, beautiful, gentle, and womanly
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Which forms represent "black" forms?
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Durga and Kali: Fierce, angry, cruel, bloodthirsty, and destructive
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What do Yoni and Jagan-Matri represent?
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Yoni = reproducer, Jagan-matri = mother of the universe
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Who Uma the daughter of and who did she marry?
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Daughter of Dasksha (Brahma's son - Himavat) and was married to Shiva but she sacrificed herself by walking into fire because her father did not approve of her marriage
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Who did Uma become and who was she reincarnated as?
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She became Sati and was reincarnated as Parvati
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How did the Kamadeva help Parvati after her marriage to Siva?
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Under his influence, she had an intense and long sexual union with Siva that drew him away from his reclusive life
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Siva and Parvati represent what?
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Cosmic balance
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What does Sita mean?
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"furrow" (ploughed field), referring to female energy of creation
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What is Sita a deity of and what mythical hero is associated with?
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Deity of agriculture and fertility and associated with Rama
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In the Rig Veda Sita is recognized as...
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wife of "parjanya" - a rain god - Indra, incarnation of Sri Lakshmi, wife of Rama
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How is Sita Invoked?
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When four furrows are drawn during a sacrificial ritual
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What is the Ramayana?
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It is an narrative poem attributed to the sage Valmiki, 50,000 lines in Sanskirt, 7 books divided into 2 parts, three versions: NE, NW and southern Indian (1/3rd of text not common in other two versions)
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How are Sita and Lakshmi similar?
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both connected with Indra, both emerged from below - ocean and earth, both have urna (circular sign between eyebrows), both are associated with fertility and abundance
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